When compared to the United States, Icelandic crime rates are
a. extremely low
b. Low
c. Similar
d. High
Prosecutors are considered to have the central role in the justice process because
a. they issue verdicts that determine defendants’ guilt
b. they have exchange relations with many other actors
c. they issue indictments to initiate charges
d. they hire and supervise police chiefs and sheriffs
Favoritism includes issuing license tabs, window stickers, or courtesy card that exempt
users from arrest.
a. True
b. False
Federal sentencing guidelines punish users of crack cocaine about one hundred times
more harshly than users of powder cocaine. This fact reflects which of the textbook’s
explanations for racial disparities?
a. racial insensitivity and unequal treatment in society can shape criminal justice policy
b. crack cocaine is more harmful to society than powder cocaine
c. few people are arrested for using powder cocaine
d. the effects of powder cocaine are not as strong as crack cocaine
Judge Brown has been a superior court judge for the seven years. He was the first one
in his family to graduate college, much less law school. He is running for election
without his political affiliation being identified. Even though he loves his job, he would
love to have more time in the courtroom instead of organizing schedules and budgets.
Instead of trying to cases, he feels that he just works out agreements with the defense
and prosecution. The way he sees it, at least a guilty plea acknowledges he is putting
defendants away.
Judge Brown states that he spends significant hours organizing schedules and budgets.
When this occurs, he is assuming the duties of an __________.
a. administrator
b. negotiator
c. adjudicator
d. reconciler
Gangs based on race and ethnicity have become a serious problem within the prison
system.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following statements is TRUE about attorney competence?
a. the Supreme Court has ruled that defendants are entitled to adequate counsel
b. attorneys assigned to death penalty cases must have appropriate training
c. the only attorneys allowed to serve on criminal cases must have degrees in criminal
law
d. the Supreme Court has not clearly defined what “competent” means
Residential settings for selected inmates as a supplement to probation for those
completing prison programs.
a. house arrest
b. boot camps
c. prison
d. day reporting centers
A model that was based on the assumption that the goal of corrections should be to
reintegrate the offender into the community is referred to as the
a. congregate model
b. medical model
c. rehabilitation model
d. community corrections model
Because trials are so infrequent, defense attorneys’ working lives tend to be quite
different than the lives of attorneys as portrayed on television.
a. True
b. False
For a crime to have been committed, there must be a causal relationship between an act
and the harm suffered, which is known as _________.
a. legality
b. actus reus
c. causation
d. harm
Defendants who win appeals typically go free.
a. True
b. False
Because jurors are carefully chosen by attorneys for each side, juries never wrongly
convict or wrongly acquit any defendants.
a. True
b. False
Most inmates serve their terms in isolation cells.
a. True
b. False
Micah was approached by a fellow officer concerning possible corruption within their
department. Apparently, two officers have been selling confiscated drugs on the streets.
Micah reviewed both officers cases and noticed that their arrests for drug crimes were
down significantly. Both officers have also recently been receiving complaints from the
community. Micah dreaded what was about to happen to their department.
Which of the following matches the closest the blue coat crime activities of Micah’s
officers?
a. mooching
b. chiseling
c. shakedown
d. shopping
When the commission of a specific crime leads offenders to be required to serve a
minimum period of incarceration before release, this is called a(n)
a. indeterminate sentence
b. presumptive sentence
c. mandatory sentence
d. good time
An occupational environment affects the way a person interprets reality.
a. True
b. False
The War on Drugs has drastically reduced drug use.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following occurs when officers receive a cash “gift” from offenders in
order for them to avoid prosecution?
a. Bribery
b. Mooching
c. Chiseling
d. Extortion
Adrian has worked for two different municipal police department in the course of his
career due to career move his wife made, which forced Adrian to move to a new state.
Adrian worked for the first department for 10 years. He enjoyed his position very much.
He felt very comfortable with his sergeant all they way up to the chief. They ran a very
professional department and expected many arrest for misdemeanors and traffic
violations. When Adrian switched departments in his new state, he noticed a very
different style of policing. He was working in a nice suburban area, which required him
to answer calls that, he felt, were more social service type calls. This new department
forced him to develop a new style of policing.
The first department that Adrian worked for required him to work for arrest and uphold
the letter of the law. This is an example of which style law enforcement.
a. watchman
b. legalistic
c. service
d. law enforcement
With an estimated 13 million jail admissions and releases per year, more people directly
experience experience prisons, mental hospitals, and halfway houses combined.
a. boot camps
b. parole
c. probation
d. jails
Which of the following is true concerning appeals?
a. most appeals by criminal defendants are successful
b. most appeals by criminal defendants are not unsuccessful
c. the number of successful appeals roughly equals the number of unsuccessful appeals
d. criminal defendants are no longer permitted to file appeals
John is the district attorney for a large metropolitan area. He is facing reelection in
approximately 1 year. During the course of John’s day, he receives news that a well
known professional football player has attempted to murder his wife of less than a year.
Apparently, the player found his wife in a comprising position with another player on
the team. John knows how he prosecutes this media driven case, may determine if he is
reelected.
John has to meet the expectations of police, judges, and the community. This is
commonly known has building ________relationships.
a. exchange
b. interaction
c. community
d. cohesive
According to these theories crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as
poverty, inequality, and unemployment.
a. Biological
b. Psychological
c. Social Structure
d. Social Process
The state’s governor appoints most local prosecutors.
a. True
b. False
Warden Smith is in charge of a female prison that houses the women from her state. She
has been working diligently to improve the conditions of the prison for the women she
serves. Warden Smith has increased programs for the women spending significant
dollars on improving the educational system behind bars. She also received a grant
which allowed the prison to have a full time medical staff person round the clock to
care for the inmates. Warden Smith has also managed to incorporate programs to
increase the mother/child bond.
Warden Smith was able to receive grant funding for medical care of her female inmates.
This is important because women have a greater chance than men to suffer from the
following disorders.
a. AIDS
b. asthma
c. prostate cancer
d. brain tumors
Chief Justice Earl Warren established a strict code of conduct for police officers in the
way that police handled criminal defendants.
a. True
b. False
The criminal justice “wedding cake” layers reflect differences in how crimes are
prioritized. Based on these priorities, which statement best reflects a summary of these
layers?
a. all cases are basically the same
b. people who marry are less likely to commit crimes
c. different cases receive different kinds of treatment
d. celebrated cases are no different than other cases
The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own
victimization in a crime.
a. victim precipitation
b. revictimization
c. repetitive victimization
d. victim notification
Which of the following is not a major duty of law enforcement agencies?
a. keeping the peace
b. preventing crime
c. providing social services
d. providing probation services
Chan Le is a probation officer who is employed through the state he resides within.
Chan Le has an extremely large caseload and oftentimes gets overwhelmed by the
requirements of his job. In the middle of the night, Chan Le is called out to respond to
one of his new clients, who has been caught shoplifting a small amount of merchandise
from a local department store. This client just failed a drug test two days prior to this
event.
If Chan Le tries to have his client’s probation revoked, the client will first have to have
a __________.
a. preliminary hearing
b. disposition
c. adjudication
d. finding of fact
The Crime Stoppers Program is designed to enlist public help in solving crimes.
a. True
b. False