Graduates of boot camps who had lower recidivism rates participated in camps with
a. more treatment services
b. more intensive sessions
c. more intensive post-release supervision
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
There is evidence of significant racial disparity in the enforcement of
a. murder
b. burglary
c. gambling
d. drugs
Examples of victims’ voice laws include
a. police/victim recontact programs
b. victim-offender mediation
c. statements made at bail and parole hearings
d. fear reduction programs
An evaluation of the Houston experiment that involved police officers contacting
victims to express sympathy and offer further assistance or information found
a. victims who were contacted expressed less fear of crime than those not recontacted
b. victims who were recontacted expressed greater confidence in police than those not
recontacted
c. it met none of its goals and made some victims more fearful than those not
recontacted
d. victims reported that they preferred to be left alone
Two explanations for the decline in gun incidents at school are The Great Crime Drop,
and
a. community policing initiatives that “pull levers” with local gang leaders
b. decreased access to assault rifles by the general public
c. “get tough” measures on offenders who enter schools with guns
d. the implementation of a range of new security measures
Criminal justice officials use ALL BUT WHICH of the following criteria to determine
the seriousness of a crime
a. the nature of the crime
b. the use of a weapon
c. injury to the offender
d. the relationship between victim and suspect
The case for legalization includes which of the following points?
a. criminal prohibition has not reduced drug use
b. we spend billions of dollars a year on the drug war
c. the war on drugs produces harmful side effects
d. all of the above
The prediction instrument used in the Wenk study used which of the prediction
methods?
a. actuarial and clinical evaluation
b. actuarial and prior history
c. prior history and clinical evaluation
d. actuarial, prior history and clinical evaluation
Evaluations of the seven-point prediction scale generated by Rand found that
a. it was correct 51% of the time but grossly wrong 7% of the time
b. it produced twice as many correct predictions as judges were able to do
c. it was able to predict chronic offending in juveniles more accurately than in adults
d. it was highly racist which prevented an accurate evaluation of its effectiveness
A system of justice where guilt or innocence is determined through the state’s
presentation of the case and the defendant’s challenge of it that is overseen by a neutral
judge is what type of system?
a. administrative
b. inquisitorial
c. adversarial
d. impossible
When Walker talks about America’s two crime problems, he is referring to
a. crimes known to police and unreported and undetected crime
b. property crime and violent crime
c. those affecting poor minorities and white middle class
d. street crime and white-collar corporate offenses
The goal of predictive policing is to
a. focus police efforts geographically and on social problems
b. prevent crimes by foreseeing when and where they will happen
c. reduce crime by targeting specific repeat offenders
d. increase the police/population ratio in socially disorganized areas
Drug courts
a. began in the late 1980s in Florida
b. have expanded significantly in the past 20 years
c. provide a comprehensive plan of treatment and supervision
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The most serious problem with the idea of restorative justice is that
a. it requires tight-knit families and communities which have largely disappeared
b. it is inappropriate for less serious offenses like property crimes
c. it is too expensive to implement on the scale required for it to reduce crime
d. neither victims nor offenders feel good about the results
A cross-state comparison of changes in incarceration rates and crime rates in 17 states
showed that
a. As incarceration rates increased crime rates decreased
b. states that spent more money on corrections had lower crime rates
c. increases in incarceration rates reduced crime in the South, but not in the West
d. No clear patterned relationship between incarceration rates and crime rates existed
The imprisonment boom in America can be partially attributed to
a. the wars of drugs and crime
b. determinate sentencing laws, such as truth in sentencing and mandatory sentences
c. restrictions on good time that limit early release
d. all of the above
Changing the law of possession of small amounts of marijuana to a misdemeanor would
likely result in
a. deligitimization of the court system
b. increased compliance with the law
c. a sense that the CJS is illegitimate
d. a sharp reduction in felony convictions and prison sentences
One might consider the American CJS an administrative system of justice, because
a. the determination of guilt or innocence is the result of a battle between prosecution
and defense attorneys
b. decisions are negotiated by the courtroom work group through consensus
c. there is a presumption of guilt and the defendant’s rights are unprotected
d. it is unlikely that the American CJS would be considered an administrative system
The Supreme Court decision Fay v. Noia would be most disliked by whom?
a. prosecutors
b. liberals
c. conservatives
d. inmates
The Kansas City Gun Experiment focused on
a. mandatory prison terms for carrying a gun without a permit
b. stricter punishment for violation of concealed weapons laws
c. intensive enforcement of laws on the illegal carrying of handguns
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Explanations for the trends in motor vehicle death rates include
a. safer cars
b. changing attitudes and behavior due to socialization
c. limited driving privileges for teens and raising the legal drinking age to 21
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The basic concept behind __________ is a mandatory life prison sentence for anyone
convicted of a third felony.
a. preventive detention
b. selective incapacitation
c. chronic offenders guidelines
d. three strikes laws
__________ account for the majority of rejections or dismissals.
a. lenient judges
b. unrecorded arrests
c. evidence and witness problems
d. due process problems
Other cohort studies have found that
a. chronic offending patterns in large urban areas differ drastically from those in small
Midwestern communities
b. the proportion of chronic offenders in a cohort increases as the proportion of
minorities in an area increases
c. a small group of offenders accounts for a high proportion of all crimes by the cohort
d. chronic offending patterns in the U.S. are not found in other countries
Among the goals of including victims’ voices in the justice system is to
a. end the isolation of victims in the CJS and provide procedural justice
b. provide a fair and balanced approach of retribution
c. ensure procedural justice for the defendant through impact statements
d. none of the above
Traffic fatality trends reveal that
a. the motor vehicle death rate has declined since 1927 including a 37% decline
between 2003 and 2011
b. crackdowns are credited with 50% of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate
c. the motor vehicle death rate has declined but drunk drivers have switched to
motorcycles
d. the motor vehicle death rate has increased dramatically since the 1980s
Research on Miranda in operation shows that many suspects __________ their Miranda
rights.
a. clearly understand
b. acted on
c. demanded protection for
d. waived
Zedlewski calculated that
a. it takes 20 years of being on an imprisonment binge before crime will be reduced
b. Each dollar spent imprisoning a criminal saves $17 in total social costs
c. if fully implemented, three-strikes sentencing in California would reduce crime by
15%
d. The financial investment in incarceration is unwise because incarceration does not
reduce the crime rate
The first bail reform movement resulted in
a. a decrease in the percentage of people held in jail awaiting trial
b. an increase in the percentage of people held in jail awaiting trial
c. the removal of employment status as a criterion for bail
d. the addition of employment status as a criterion for bail
The hysteria over the drug problem involving crack babies was
a. underestimated
b. an accurate representation of the drug problem
c. greatly exaggerated
d. none of the above
The strategy of “pulling levers” refers to
a. using all potential violations by the target
b. removing all barriers to police activity
c. working with community leaders to reduce crime
d. increasing the police/population ratio in social disorganized areas
Most defense lawyers do not file motions to suppress the evidence because
a. they do not believe their motions will be accepted
b. they have little time to devote to any one case
c. they do not accept the validity of the exclusionary rule
d. none of the above
Drug courts are seemingly more effective than other forms of drug treatment due to
a. judicial involvement
b. its selection process
c. proper planning and management
d. all of the above
Examples of conservatives and liberals switching sides include all but which issue?
a. legalization of drugs
b. offender reentry
c. increased law enforcement presence
d. decreased prison sentences
When it comes to invoking the exclusionary rule, judges
a. vary in their willingness to use it
b. are almost all willing to use it
c. in 49 of 50 states are unwilling to use it
d. choose to disregard it
Compare and contrast Wolgang’s cohort study with Shannon’s cohort studies.
Pretrial drug testing did not help to predict rearrests for those persons on bail.
Distinguish between a criminal career and career criminal. Include in your answer the
terms and concepts, along with their definitions, that help in determining this
difference.
Describe the assumptions that must be met in order for deterrence-oriented policies to
be effective.
Defend the argument that special prosecution units do not result in any better or worse
results than traditional prosecutions.
Discuss the various victims’ voice laws and their impact on victims along with issues of
implementation.
While drug decriminalization has traditionally been a liberal proposal, a surprising
number of prominent conservatives endorse drug legalization.
In areas with higher levels of collective efficacy, lower crime rates were only found in
the wealthier neighborhoods.
Attempts to control products or services through the criminal law may create a criminal
syndicate to provide the product or service.
Liberals typically favor deterrence-oriented policies because they favor prevention.
Defend the argument that defendants who successfully use the insanity defense are not
beating the system.
Describe some variables that have contributed to tougher sentencing in recent years.
After eliminating weak cases, almost all indicted offenders are convicted, and the
majority of convicted offenders are incarcerated.
Compare and contrast probation and parole and be sure to make mention of their goals
and effectiveness achieving them.
Walker credits much of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate to social policies
rather than criminal justice policies.
The influence of the courtroom work group is irrelevant to the implementation of
justice system policies.