The modern American correctional system is credited to whose work in Pennsylvania?
a. James Q. Wilson
b. William Penn
c. Zebulon Brockway
d. King Henry III
CASE 11.2
In 2013, a 17-year-old white man named Jason is arrested for vandalism in an
affluent neighborhood just east of Bloomington, Indiana. The victims include a
55-year-old man, his wife, and their children, ages 17 and 15. Jason slashed the
tires on their car, spray-painted their house, and removed foliage from their
garden. Given this information, answer the following questions.
If Jason were 25 years old and has committed the same crime but had three prior
arrests: one for DUI, one for robbery, and one for simple assault, all since his eighteenth
birthday. If at sentencing the judge sentences Jason to three to five years, this is an
example of:
a. Indeterminate sentencing.
b. Circle sentencing.
c. Widen-the-net sentencing.
d. Determinate sentencing.
When an offender is charged with a crime for which the government failed to make
enactment of the crime public, this is the defense of:
a. Justification.
b. Ignorance or mistake.
c. Entrapment.
d. Necessity.
The defining event that helped shape police reforms in the 1990s was the:
a. Creation of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
b. Creation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.
c. Growth of police unions.
d. Beating of Rodney King.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement is part of the Department of HomelandSecurity.
a. True
b. False
Which theory posits that antisocial behavior is learned through observation?
a. Social learning theory
b. Psychodynamic theory
c. Moral development theory
d. Social disorganization
In the juvenile system, the initial appearance most likely resembles the which of the
following in adult court?
a. Grand jury
b. Arraignment
c. Preliminary hearing
d. Trial phase
CASE 15.2
Keith Reed, a 15-year-old white male with no prior arrests is brought in for
questioning for larceny of several hundred dollars worth of computer parts from a
warehouse in downtown Cincinnati. Using this information, walk Mr. Reed
through the juvenile court system.
After questions, Mr. Reed was arrested. He was released to his parents as he was not
deemed a threat risk. If he was deemed a risk to himself or to the community he would
have been:
a. Given psychiatric counseling before the system would move forward.
b. Detained.
c. Waived to adult court.
d. Released on bail.
Which of the following is a type of waiver that, after a transfer hearing at which both
prosecutor and defense attorney present evidence, a juvenile court judge may decide to
waive jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court?
a. Direct file waiver
b. Judicial waiver
c. Blended sentencing waiver
d. Transfer waiver
Which crime listed below is not reported in Part I or Part II of the offense section of
theUCR?
a. Drug offenses
b. Traffic violations
c. Liquor law violations
d. Sex offenses
The main idea of the Children’s Aid Society was to place children in rural homes,
mostly farms, to remove these wayward youth from the harsh environment of city
living.
a. True
b. False
The case of the Kent v. United States (1966) ruled that:
a. Juveniles had the right to an attorney at a waiver hearing.
b. Juveniles must be housed in separate quarters from adult prisoners.
c. Juveniles must be given leniency with regard to their age for status offenses.
d. Education must be provided in juvenile facilities holding criminal youth.
In medieval England, who was expected to make a hue and cry to assemble his helpers
andwarn the village when trouble occurred?
a. Constable
b. Sheriff
c. Shire reeve
d. Tythingman
Which of the following is not one of the categories into which crimes are classified?
a. Felonies
b. Misdemeanors
c. Torts
d. Violations
Law banning same-sex relations are now unconstitutional and unenforceable as a result
of the Supreme Court’s decision relating to substantive due process.
a. True
b. False
Today, modern gangs seem to be motivated by:
a. Drug profits.
b. Emotional involvement.
c. Expressive violence.
d. Neighborhood turf wars.
Court clerks have a wide range of duties, most of which consist of maintaining court
records; receiving, processing, and maintaining judgments; and swearing in witnesses.
a. True
b. False
When the Supreme Court hears cases pertaining to search and seizures, they draw
mainly on the ________Amendment.
a. Fourth
b. Fifth
c. First
d. Eighth
CASE 4.2
Adam is a 16-year-old who has a history of strange behavior. He is now being
homeschooled by his mother because he has a difficult time relating to his peers.
His psychologist has diagnosed him with bipolar disorder. One afternoon, Adam
goes to the high school that he once attended. He brings his father’s revolver and
attempts to shoot a few of his former classmates and a teacher. He misses all of his
targets and flees the school. He is later apprehended in his home when the
principal is able to identify him through the school’s video surveillance.
Adam’s lawyer attempts to have Adam’s confession thrown out of the criminal trial as
evidence because he believes the confession was obtained unfairly. Which amendment
will Adam’s lawyer use to argue against the use of his confession?
a. Fourth
b. Fifth
c. Sixth
d. Eighth
The Monitoring the Future study is one of the most important sources of self-report data
withregard to drugs.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is false regarding plea bargaining?
a. Pleas must be made voluntarily and without pressure.
b. Defendants must keep their side of the bargain to receive the promised offer of
leniency.
c. Accepting a guilty plea from a defendant who maintains his or her innocence is valid.
d. Accepting a guilty plea from a defendant who maintains his or her innocence is valid.
Following formal procedure, which step comes first in the criminal justice process?
a. Charging
b. Plea bargain
c. Post release
d. Preliminary hearing
CASE 5.2
Chief Jones has been a police officer since 1960. He was hired by the New York
City Police Department in 1960 when he was 20 years old. He is now 72 years old
and will be retiring as the police chief of a police department in a city located 60
miles outside of New York City. He has seen many changes in policing over the
past fifty years.
Chief Jones is concerned that too many public policing responsibilities are being shifted
to theprivate sector. He is a firm believer that policing should be left to the government,
not privatecorporations. All of the following are common criticisms of private policing
except:
a. Motives are more important than the protection of public safety.
b. Private policing could replace public police.
c. Private police have unbridled authority over citizens and public police officers.
d. Private security guards are not subject to the same search and seizure standards as
publicpolice officers.
Which of the following is false regarding law enforcement personnel?
a. There are over 2 million individuals employed by a law enforcement agency.
b. In law enforcement alone, the majority of the employees have general arrest powers.
c. State police agencies employ the least amount of officers nationwide.
d. Most police officers in the United States work for a local agency.
Civilian employees are helpful in minimizing costs for police departments and can be
used inall of the following capacities except:
a. Clerical work.
b. Communications gear.
c. Traffic control.
d. Investigations.
An immediate relationship must always exist between the act and the actor’s intent for a
crime to occur.
a. True
b. False
Which type of case is often a source of frustration and futility for police officers,
making them reluctant to respond?
a. Domestic violence cases
b. Drug deal cases
c. Kidnapping cases
d. Murder cases
Which of the following is the assessment of the threat level probationers pose to the
community and themselves?
a. Risk classification
b. Recognizance
c. Probationary taxonomy
d. Intermediate sanctions
Since passage in 1974, all 50 states now participate in some aspect with the
deinstitutionalization mandate.
a. True
b. False
Title 9 of the U.S. Code contains federal arbitration law.
a. True
b. False
The ____________________ style of policing views the investigation and apprehension
of serious crime as the primary aspect of policing.
Behaviors considered illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards are
known as____________________ crimes.
Explain the concept of probation. In your explanation of probation, include the history
of community sentencing.
Answer:Answers will vary.
In female prisons, it is not uncommon for the inmates to create their own
___________________, or groups containing masculine and feminine figures such as
fathers, mothers, and sibling children.
________________ refers to the grounds or fields attached to a house or property.
_________________________ are the most common reasons for a prosecutor to
dismiss a case.
Define restorative justice. In doing so, list and describe several of the restorative justice
programs and explain when and how they are applied in the United States.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain how concentrated disadvantage results in social disorganization.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare and contrast concurrent and consecutive sentencing. Which do you think is
more desirable from the defendant’s point of view, and why?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the goal of punishment. What are the pros and cons for each, and what is the
current stance on punishment most widely accepted in the United States?
Answer:Answers will vary.
U.S. Supreme Court judges are nominated for their position by ________________.
The practice by private attorneys of taking the cases of indigent offenders without fee as
a service to the profession and the community is called __________ work.
List and define the pros and cons associated with plea bargaining. Do you think plea
bargaining will ever be abolished? Why, or why not?
Answer:Answers will vary.
What factors influence an officer’s use of discretion?
Answer:Answers will vary
The belief that capital punishment creates a barbaric atmosphere that enhances the level
of violence in society is referred to as the _________________.
The RICO Act and the ___________________________ help reintroduce forfeiture
back into U.S. law.
__________________ refers to the action of seeking compensation for individual
victims by the offender for losses due to the crime committed.
____________________ is credited with the passage of the Metropolitan PoliceAct,
which established the first organized police force in London.