The primary source of law in the Islamic legal tradition is:
a. custom.
b. written code.
c. divine revelation.
d. principles of Confucianism.
Which juvenile justice model is followed in a country that takes a paternalistic and
protectionist approach that shows a preference for treatment?
a. Welfare
b. Justice
c. Patriae
d. Pragmatic
In 2010, Muslim Sunni extremists were responsible for most of the worldwide terrorist
attacks and for the majority of terrorism-related deaths.
a. True
b. False
The European Union currently has 12 member states.
a. True
b. False
Robberies and attacks are more often gun related in Europe than in the United States.
a. True
b. False
What term refers to the grouping of individual objects into categories based on the
objects’ relationships?
a. Standardization
b. Designation
c. Nomination
d. Classification
For the most part, countries of similar legal traditions follow similar models of juvenile
justice (e. g., common legal traditions use the welfare model, civil the justice model).
a. True
b. False
As shown in the Amanda Knox trial, defendants in Italy are considered guilty until
proven innocent.
a. True
b. False
Defendants in Japan cannot be found guilty solely on the basis of a confession.
a. True
b. False
The three major subtraditions forming the civil legal tradition are:
a. precedent, equity, and feudal practices.
b. Roman law, canon law, and codification.
c. comitia centuriata, comitia tributa, and concilium plebes.
d. Code Napoleon, Corpus Juris Civilis, and precedent.
Which of the following tests for insanity requires, in part, that the defendant did not
know the act was wrong?
a. Wild beast test
b. M”Naghten rule
c. Irresistible-impulse rule
d. Brawner rule
About 30% of the prison population in South Africa is actually pretrial detainees.
a. True
b. False
During the reign of Henry II, attempts were made to return order to England through
the Constitutions of Clarendon, which:
a. established a court of equity.
b. ended feudalism.
c. provided custom as a basis for building order.
d. merged church and state courts.
Rough estimates by the International Centre for Prison Studies suggests that women
typically compose about what percent of a country’s prison population?
a. 5 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 35 percent
d. 50 percent
In England and Wales, the Youth Offending Team:
a. is a special police unit responsible for determining if a juvenile offender should be
arrested or placed in diversion.
b. has responsibility for coordinating and providing youth justice services at the local
level.
c. works out of the schools and provides an alternate education program for students
suspended from regular classes.
d. is a notorious juvenile gang whose criminal behavior forced Parliament to lower the
age of criminal responsibility.
In the 1880s, when Japan was looking for models upon which to base its own criminal
code, Germany’s was especially appealing because the German code:
a. was the only European code that included a jury system.
b. was heavily influenced by Chinese law and was therefore more compatible with
Japanese culture.
c. provided for a controlling role to be played by a legislature.
d. seemed to share Japan’s view of law as a system imposed by an absolute monarch.
One of the several reasons that common law codes are not the same as civil law codes is
that common law codes do not abolish all prior law for that topic. Which of the
following is the textbook’s way to describe this difference?
a. Codes under common law are not revolutionary
b. Codes under common law replace, rather than extend, prior law
c. Codes under civil law are not revolutionary
d. Codes under civil law extend, rather than replace, prior law
The tendency in Islamic criminal trial proceedings is for the parties to:
a. be represented by an attorney versed in Shari”a.
b. be represented by their local imam.
c. be represented by the eldest male family member.
d. represent themselves.
Because of their continued underprivileged status, substantial numbers of buraku in
Japan:
a. must resort to working in butcher shops.
b. are hired as police officers to ensure a reasonable standard of living.
c. frequently serve as volunteer probation officers.
d. are forced into associations with boryokudan.
Hadiths, which provide a narration about the life of the Prophet Muhammad, contain
three important parts. Which of the following is NOT one of those three?
a. The statement itself
b. An indication of its authority by reference to the chain of reporters
c. A seal affixed by Muhammad himself or one of his direct decedents
d. A comment regarding the report as being something Muhammad did, said, or
approved.
In most jurisdictions around the world where probation is an established sanction, the
agency responsible for probation:
a. provides information (e. g., reports that assist the judge in determining an appropriate
sentence) to other criminal justice agencies.
b. supervises persons on probation.
c. enforces the conditions of probation.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
A trial under the inquisitorial process is most like a(n):
a. contest between opposing sides.
b. continuing investigation.
c. inhumane (at least by American standards) process wherein torture is used to extract
confessions.
d. Middle Ages trial technique especially popular for church trials.
An institutionalized pattern of justice rests on the definition of rules. This is typically
referred to as:
a. definitional law.
b. substantive law.
c. procedural law.
d. politicality.
The courts in the People’s Republic of China are essentially agencies of the central
government and do not have judicial independence in a manner similar to courts in
Western countries.
a. True
b. False
What dimension of analysis does Bayley use to describe the structure of police
systems?
a. The locus of control and command type
b. Centralized and decentralized supervision
c. Actual locus of control and stated locus of control
d. Command type and number of forces to be supervised
By what procedure is parole initiated in Japan?
a. The prisoner requests a parole hearing
b. The head of the prison requests a parole hearing for the prisoner
c. The prisoner’s family requests a parole hearing for the prisoner
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
The adversarial system is said to have developed from the trial by ordeal wherein
disputes were settled by having the parties fight each other. The winner was presumed
to have “truth” on his side. In a sense, swords were used to oppose testimony. Today,
_____ has taken the place of swords to challenge testimony.
a. questioning by judges
b. questioning by jurors
c. an indictment
d. cross-examination
Japan’s police detention centers (daiyo kangoku) are praised by human rights
organization for their humane processing and treatment of criminal suspects awaiting
trial or sentencing.
a. True
b. False
Despite their frequent use in the United State, financial penalties are infrequently used
in most other countries.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is NOT true regarding prisons in Brazil?
a. Prisons are administered at the state level
b. Twenty-five percent of the prison population is found in police lockups
c. Brazil has one of the world’s largest penal systems
d. Although conditions are horrible, the prisons are not overcrowded
The crime control model, but not the due process model, is interested in repressing
crime.
a. True
b. False
Who, among the following, is NOT a participant in New Zealand’s Family Group
Conference?
a. The offending young person
b. The victim
c. The judge
d. The police
Neighbor cooperation is exemplified by the _____ agreements between Mexico and the
United States as the two countries work together to combat cross-border crime.
What are some reasons offered in the textbook for why German trials tend not to be as
long as are those in America?
What three reforms are planned for how China responds to juvenile offenders?
Distinguish the concept of legal guilt from the concept of factual guilt.
Using the textbook’s concept of countries falling along a continuum of juvenile justice
models, _____ is the country used to show the welfare model end of the continuum.
According to Walmsley’s research, about half of the more than 9 million people held in
penal institutions throughout the world are in the three countries of Russia, China, and
_____.
One’s sense of self can be described in either individual or _____ terms.
Identify and explain the primary source of law for each of the four legal traditions.
The grand theory that draws from the Marxist perspective to explain that as capitalism
expands, it disrupts indigenous cultures and traditional means of subsistence is called
_____ system theory.
When one is interested in how a country’s justice system is supposed to operate, she
will use the _____ approach to an international perspective.
When the U.S. military provides condolence payments to Iraqi and Afghan civilians for
loss of life resulting from combat actions by U.S. and coalition forces, those payments
are consistent with the Shari”a compensation policy called _____.
When a prosecutor in Japan _____ prosecution in a case, the prosecution is actually
terminated, so the term itself is a bit misleading.
Much of the day-to-day probation work in Japan is carried out by _____ Probation
Officers, who number some 50,000 across the country and assist both probation officers
and rehabilitation coordinators to encourage a successful adjustment.
Although each German state controls its own police force, the _____ government acts
as a liaison and coordinating agent.
Explain the difference in studying crime as a social phenomenon and in studying crime
as social behavior.
The most serious of French criminal offenses are called _____.