The most important factor in parolees’ adjustment to society was found to be
a. a job
b. family support
c. a place to live
d. referral to substance abuse treatment
With the advent of drug courts, the traditional role of ____________ has been altered
a. prosecutors
b. law enforcement
c. judges
d. probation officers
Federal Sentencing Guidelines are an example of
a. preventive detention
b. selective incapacitation
c. mandatory sentences
d. arbitrary sentencing
The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to
a. protect suspects against self-incrimination
b. deter police misconduct and protect individuals from it
c. strengthen the relationship between police and prosecutors
d. make improperly seized evidence inadmissible in federal court
Many states restrict access for recently released offenders to which of the following?
a. receiving welfare
b. public housing
c. voting
d. all of the above
Which of the following statements about life without parole is accurate?
a. By 2012, one in nine U.S. prisoners was serving a life term
b. Two states account for more than half (58 percent) of all the LWOP prisoners
c. Courtroom work groups have wholeheartedly accepted the LWOP laws
d. LWOP sentences achieve a significant amount of crime reduction
Plea bargaining reform in Washington included
a. a ban on gun-related plea bargaining
b. a highly structured and horizontal process of handling cases
c. less supervision for attorneys
d. a vertical approach to prosecution
Both liberal and conservative theology is flawed. Which of the following flaws were
noted in the chapter?
a. conservatives feel too many loopholes allow criminals to beat the system
b. liberals feel too many loopholes allow criminals to beat the system
c. liberals are guilty of blaming everything on overly soft punishments
d. conservatives are guilty of blaming everything on overly harsh punishments
Getting criminals off the street by locking them up is what type of strategy?
a. liberal
b. the standard U.S. strategy
c. traditionally liberal, but now conservative
d. traditionally conservative, but now liberal
The 1970 District of Columbia preventive detention law was
a. the kick off for America’s imprisonment boom
b. used by judges to hold all felony defendants for 120 days
c. implemented in all states by 1976
d. nullified by prosecutors by setting bail at a level beyond a defendant’s financial
means
_____(1)_____ deterrence is directed at individual offenders while _____(2)_____
deterrence is directed at society as a whole
a. (1) specific (2) general
b. (1) general (2) specific
c. (1) absolute (2) marginal
d. (1) marginal (2) absolute
An important policy implication of collective efficacy is?
a. impact of environmental issues
b. formal crime reduction strategies
c. trust in local criminal justice agencies
d. distrust in formal social control
According to the text, the two serious problems involved in translating chronic offender
research into policy include
a. identifying the chronic offenders and when they begin their careers
b. the conflict between preventing chronic offending versus punishing it
c. determining what kinds of crime they commit and why they stop
d. the prediction problem and estimating how much crime they commit
Some issues associated with the antidrug crackdown known as Operation Pressure Point
were
a. crime displacement into neighboring communities and police misconduct
b. adaptation of drug dealers to the police strategies and the cost effectiveness of arrests
c. the replacement of arrested offenders with another motivated offender
d. all of the above
America has the highest __________ rate in the world.
a. incarceration
b. conviction
c. arrest
d. crime
A review of 27 studies on the relationship between the number of police officers and the
crime rate found
a. in 20% of studies more police correlated with lower crime rates
b. in 45% of studies more police correlated with higher crime rates
c. in 55% of studies more police correlated with higher crime rates
d. in 95% of studies more police correlated with lower crime rates
One of the factors noted in the chapter that explains why so few cases are appealed is
a. most inmates are executed before they are able to file appeals
b. inmates are too poor and uneducated to hire attorneys
c. most convictions are obtained through plea bargaining
d. most inmates adapt to the routine of prison and want to stay
One of the implications regarding Wolfgang’s use of officially recorded police contacts
as the measure of delinquency noted in the chapter was that
a. this data did not capture property or violent crimes committed on school grounds
b. the racial bias of police in Philadelphia resulted in arrest records for more minorities
than Caucasian boys in the cohort
c. the prevalence of offending was likely higher since the data did not capture crimes
unknown to police
d. all of the above
__________ has three flaws including that it does not guarantee treatment for the
person who uses it.
a. GBMI
b. NGRI
c. insanity defense
d. banning the insanity defense
One problem with Durlauf and Nagin’s proposal to apply the savings from a reduced
prison population to innovative police programs is that
a. the police are uncooperative in implementing innovative programs
b. the new incarceration policy bears signs of racial and ethnic disparity
c. Criminologists are unlikely to develop the tools to determine who would benefit from
selective incapacitation
d. the plan would require a significant increase in social services costs
The new intermediate punishments emphasize ____(1)_____ with little emphasis on
_____(2)_____.
a. (1) cost savings (2) effectiveness
b. (1) juvenile treatment (2) adult treatment
c. (1) diversion (2) punishment
d. (1) surveillance and control (2) treatment
Evidence-based policy originated in
a. educational policies
b. health care policies
c. the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act
d. Canada’s economic policies
In terms of the theoretical causes of crime which statement most accurately reflects
liberal and conservative theology?
a. conservatives believe poverty causes crime while liberals believe crime causes
poverty
b. liberals focus on the moral causes while conservatives focus on practical causes
c. liberals believe criminals are made while conservatives believe criminals are born
d. conservatives believe in rational choice and low self-control; whereas, liberals
believe in peer influence and economic opportunity
A study of lower courts in New Haven, CT revealed that
a. jury trials were very popular
b. there were not enough cases from which to ascertain any trends
c. contrary to expectation, defendants were not arraigned en masse or given light
sentences
d. due to a large volume of cases and relative lack of seriousness, the formalities of
felony process typical in second layer cases is rarely present
Currently, insanity is a(n) _____(1)_____ defense not a(n) _____(2)_____ defense.
a. (1) affirmative (2) ordinary
b. (1) over used (2) rarely used
c. (1) rich person’s (2) poor person’s
d. (1) extraordinary (2) ordinary
Current data indicate that
a. 31% of all traffic fatalities are caused by impaired drunk drivers
b. 31% of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related
c. 31,000 people are killed each year by drunk drivers
d. 31% of drivers who have consumed alcohol are impaired by it
The traditional response of the police to domestic violence incidents had been
a. to attend to the victim, but not to the offender
b. to attend to the offender, but not to the victim
c. to refer families to social service agencies
d. a no-arrest approach
_____(1)_____ involves case outcomes while _____(2)_____ depends on how people
feel they were treated.
a. (1) lawfulness (2) legitimacy
b. (1) distributive justice (2) procedural justice
c. (1) legitimacy (2) cumulative disadvantage
d. (1) procedural justice (2) perception
Home confinement
a. is used for juvenile offenders only
b. is basically a curfew
c. is more effective than probation
d. is a complete failure
Why have parole agencies failed to provide adequate services for parolees soon after
release from prison?
a. they want to give offenders time to get on their feet first
b. they do not have the staff or resources to handle their caseloads
c. they need time to process post-release paperwork and parole files
d. all of the above
Similar to other “get tough” strategies, attempts to get tough on gun-related crime
a. are never implemented as intended because they are not fully funded
b. significantly reduced crimes such as gun-related homicide, assault and robbery
c. continue to be criticized by conservatives who argue they fail because they are not
tough enough
d. do not achieve their intended results because the system is already tough on serious
crime
The “Scared Straight” program used which of the educational strategies?
a. information dissemination
b. fear arousal
c. moral appeal
d. affective education
Among the goals of boot camps are
a. punishment of the offender
b. rehabilitation
c. reduction in overcrowding
d. all of the above
e. a & c only
An example of organic religion is a religiously-centered drug treatment program in a
prison setting.
Prevalence of criminality refers to participation in crime while persistence refers to
continuing criminal activity.
Assess the usefulness of community prosecution programs.
Explain why no single factor can be considered the cause of the crime decline in the
1990s.
One limitation of studies on procedural justice is the questions about its application to
serious crime.
The effectiveness of the Rand prediction scale was assessed by correlating predicting
scores with inmates’ actual reported criminal behavior.
Traditionally, crime policy has not demanded high quality research evidence of
effectiveness for its implementation or continuation.
Operation Ceasefire implemented various strategies to reduce gun-related violence,
including interagency collaboration and strict enforcement of probation and parole
conditions.
Based on lower court research, Walker concludes that lower courts are very different
from the upper courts, but there are significant differences between courts in different
jurisdictions
Defend the use of diversion programs and then evaluate the effectiveness of such
programs, and the impact of net widening.
Providing suspects with a Miranda warning results in a net effect of a significant loss of
convictions.
Cases are more likely to be rejected or dismissed because of evidence or witness
problems than due process problems.
Before the 1970s, domestic violence had not been recognized as a major social
problem.
The Innocence Project found that the most frequent contributor to wrongful conviction
was erroneous eyewitness identification.
Faster response time would not produce more arrests because police are called to few
crimes in progress.
DARE provides skills for recognizing and resisting social pressures to experiment with
alcohol, tobacco and drugs, as well as developing skills in risk assessment and decision
making.
One aspect of collective efficacy is the ceding of social control.
The concept of rehabilitation is the cornerstone of traditional liberal crime control
policy.