What are the two major types of applied research?
a. evaluate specific programs and policy analysis
b. evaluate criminal behaviors and policy analysis
c. evaluate specific programs and policy setting
d. evaluate criminal behaviors and policy setting
Which of the following is most accurate?
a. Experiments can be used only in scientific inquiry.
b. Experiments involve only observing the consequences .
c. Experiments can be used in scientific and nonscientific human inquiry.
d. Experiments involve the researcher taking action but they are unconcerned with the
consequences of that action.
Dr. Jones is having his Introductory to Criminal Justice students analyze cartoons. He
instructs them to identify the number of violent acts per show, the type of violent act
and the characteristics of the victim. Dr. Jones is having his students use _____.
a. content analysis
b. secondary data
c. new data collected by agency staff
d. nonpublic agency records
You have just completed the LSAT and scored 112. Your roommate, who is no smarter
than you, took the LSAT with you and scored 165. You were so upset with your score
that you decided to take the test again and you convinced your roommate to take it with
you for moral support. You both received scores on the second exam of 150. What
accounted for the differences in scores?
a. statistical regression
b. testing
c. instrumentation
d. experiment mortality
When selecting a survey method, which of the following is not something to consider?
a. cost
b. speed
c. clarity
d. question content
Which of the following would be an accurate statement concerning the use of content
analysis?
a. content analysis involves only a systematic study of messages
b. content analysis involves a systematic study of messages and the meaning that those
messages have for citizens
c. content analysis involves only the meaning of speeches given concerning criminal
justice issues
d. content analysis methods can only be used with agency reports to determine what
they contain
Ranks in the local police department represent what level of measurement?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
Research involving which of the following groups would not be receptive to the use of
unstructured interviews?
a. criminals
b. police officers
c. judges
d. probation officers
The relationship between policy analysis and program evaluation is best characterized
as _____.
a. both relying upon clearly specified goals and objectives
b. program evaluation used to test the achievement of goals and objectives worked out
through policy analysis
c. both a and b are correct
d. there is no relationship between policy analysis and program evaluation
On the first day of the semester, your introductory criminology instructor handed out a
very long questionnaire asking things that you did not think was appropriate about your
drinking habits. Back in the dorm you complained to your roommates and discovered
that they were given the same questionnaire by their instructors. What sampling method
was used?
a. snowball sample
b. multistage cluster sample
c. simple random sample
d. convenience sample
Topics that lend themselves to the use of content analysis tend to focus upon the links
between communication and _____.
a. criminal justice policy
b. police behavior
c. perceptions of valid research
d. writing skills
The threat of history refers to _____.
a. some subjects who have had history classes and others who have not
b. the realization that some subjects have learned from history while others have not
c. events external to the experiment that will impact the results
d. the fact that only current, relevant subjects need be studied
What technique can be used to help reduce the threat to experimental mortality?
a. increasing the sample size
b. decreasing the sample size
c. shorten the time between the pretest and the posttest
d. select only subjects who are female
If there is a great amount of variation in a distribution, it is known as being
__________________.
The production of knowledge based on experience and ___________ is referred to as
two realities.
Respondents may develop a(n) ___________________ or pattern of answering when
answering matrix questions.
The unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis is
called the ______________________.
In a classical experiment, the researcher uses a(n) ____________________ to offset the
effects of the experiment itself.
Like survey designs and field studies, evaluation research refers to a research method
not a specific research purpose.
Explanatory scientific research centers on the notion of cause and effect.
When reporting marginals for univariate analysis, the presentation must be in raw
numbers and cannot be reported in percentages.
Ecological fallacy refers to the dangers of making assertions about large groups as the
units of analysis based upon examination of individuals.
Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization.
Scientists assess the truth of statements about cause by considering threats to
________________.
_________________ help researchers form conclusions from their observations about a
population from the study of a sample drawn from it.
The primary goal of _______________________ is homogeneity.
The __________________ refer to the basic question of what a policy action is trying
to achieve.
When researchers can list each element of a population, that list is known as the
______________________.
Harm to research subjects may be justified if the potential benefits of the study
outweigh the harm.
In probability theory, the _________________________ indicates how closely the
sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter.
In the classical experiment subjects are measured on the independent variable before
the experiment begins and again after the dependent variable has been manipulated by
the researcher.
In case-oriented research, a great number of cases are examined in order to understand a
small number of variables.
Every variable should have two important qualities: their attributes should be
exhaustive as well as mutually exclusive.