A policy designed to lock up only the few high-rate offenders or career criminals is
known as
a. pretrial detention
b. preventive detention
c. selective incapacitation
d. gross incapacitation
Walker maintains that, based on the evidence,
a. plea bargaining is a phantom loophole
b. abolishing plea bargaining will reduce serious crime
c. plea bargaining allows serious offenders to beat the system
d. abolishing plea bargaining will reduce less serious crime
An evaluation of a juvenile diversion program found that
a. diverted offenders had recidivism rates that were lower than both juveniles sent to
juvenile court and juveniles released outright
b. diverted offenders had recidivism rates that were similar to both juveniles sent to
juvenile court and juveniles released outright
c. a significant increase in the detention of juvenile arrestees, even though juvenile
arrests declined by about half
d. a significant decrease in the detention of juvenile arrestees, even though juvenile
arrests grew by about half
Policies inspired by the career criminal research include which of the following?
a. random police patrols, career criminal prosecution and job corps
b. pretrial detention, selective incapacitation and intensive probation
c. diversion, pretrial detention and electronic monitoring
d. community policing, speedy trials and restitution
Participants of the Manhattan Court Employment Project
a. received counseling, short-term public assistance and a referral to a job opening
b. had all of their charges dropped in exchange for pleading to a low level misdemeanor
c. often dropped out of the program because it was more intrusive and punitive than
prison
d. increased their lifetime earnings by 25% compared to a control group
Registration and notification laws do not protect society from potential sex offenders
because
a. the majority of victims know the person who abused them
b. the majority of sex offenders do not reoffend
c. the majority of sex offenders do not register
d. both a and b
Intensive probation/parole supervision programs provide enhanced __________ of
offenders
a. supervision
b. treatment
c. supervision and treatment
d. none of the above
A type of electronic monitoring technology that involves periodic random telephone
calls to a probationer’s home is known as what?
a. passive monitoring
b. active monitoring
c. radio frequency
d. grosslink
The use of local law enforcement efforts as a strategy for reducing drug abuse
a. is an owl type of drug control policy
b. is the best way to counter the replacement effect
c. is unlikely to have much impact on the availability of drugs on the street
d. is an effective long-term strategy because of the intensive geographical focus
There are several reasons for thinking that tougher punishment is likely to work with
drunk driving, including the fact that
a. the certainty requirement is already being met so a more severe punishment will
strengthen the deterrent effect
b. the drunk driver meets all of the assumptions set forth in the theory of deterrence
c. people who drink and drive have a stake in society and feel threatened by the stigma
of arrest
d. a & c
Why is the DARE program ineffective?
a. use of lecture rather than participative instruction
b. influence of peers
c. lack of training of police officers
d. all of the above
As of 2013, compensation programs around the country grant victims of crime almost
a. $500 million yearly
b. $50 million yearly
c. $5 million yearly
d. $500,000 yearly
According to Walker, the greatest problem with trying to regulate the sale of firearms is
that
a. it abrogates a constitutional right, so regulation will be opposed by the Supreme
Court
b. too many Americans are opposed to the regulations
c. people with criminal records go directly to the black market
d. there are always a few states that will refuse to implement such laws
The prediction instrument used in the Wenk study
a. identified more true positives than false negatives
b. identified more true negatives than false negatives
c. identified more false negatives than false positives
d. identified more false positives than true positives
One notable problem with victim notification programs is
a. the administrative burden it places on police departments
b. the constitutionality of the programs
c. they fail to offer concurrent social support to the victims
d. that they display a racial bias
A professional public official handles criminal cases with the important purpose of
a. removing vengeance from the criminal justice process
b. ensuring the likelihood of justice due to his/her training and experience
c. establishing that crime is an offense against society as a whole
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
A Hot Spots experiment in Jersey City, NJ resulted in
a. reduced crime in the targeted areas, but increased crime in the surrounding
neighborhoods
b. an increase in violent gun crimes among young men
c. no significant changes
d. decreased crime in both the targeted areas and surrounding neighborhoods
e. none of the above
Banning Saturday Night Specials would likely result in
a. a substitution effect
b. a trickle-up effect
c. a decrease in violent crimes
d. an increase in the use of other types of guns
Racial bias is evident at what point in the criminal justice system?
a. bail amounts for minority drug offenders
b. harsher sentences for minority drug offenders for crack
c. at every stage of the criminal justice system
d. racial bias has not been established using research evidence
What did an evaluation of the Midtown Community Court find?
a. sentences involving community service were higher than a comparable court
b. jail sentences were less common than a comparable court
c. average arrest-to-arraignment times were faster than a comparable court
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
According to the National Academy of Science’s research, one serious conceptual and
empirical flaws in virtually all of the studies on the death penalty is
a. the exclusion of the possibility of clemency
b. the inclusion of other punishments, such as prison terms
c. failure to consider studies from other countries
d. the exclusion of potential murderers’ response to the risk of execution
The program that is seen as rehabilitative because it seeks to reintegrate offenders into
the community is known as
a. diversion
b. boot camp
c. home confinement
d. parole
The unconstitutionality of the Washington D.C. gun control law is based on
a. the prohibition of possession of assault weapons
b. the prohibition of possession of handguns in the home for purposes of defense
c. the prohibition of weapons to persons with criminal records
d. the right provided in the Second Amendment in and of itself
Regarding fourth-layer cases, we are reminded that
a. the largest number of cases in American courts are serious acts of violence committed
by chronic offenders against strangers
b. the largest number of cases in American courts are misdemeanors
c. a large number of cases in American courts are decided based on extralegal factors
since the courtroom workgroup is liberated from shared understandings of seriousness
d. a large number of cases has not caused the American court system to collapse, but
rather each misdemeanor defendant as an attorney and a full trial
The Sentencing Commission’s evaluation of federal sentencing guidelines tells us that
a. this prediction instrument is more accurate at predicting chronic offending than what
judges were able to do
b. this carefully designed prediction instrument is currently the most accurate method
for predicting chronic offending
c. people with longer prior records are more likely to commit future crime than people
with shorter prior records
d. prediction instruments are unnecessary, because chronic offenders are easily
identified based on prior record and the seriousness of offense
For years, decriminalizing certain offenses was a major liberal policy recommendation.
That changed because
a. conservatives embraced the same policies
b. most of those offenses have been decriminalized or deemphasized
c. decriminalization of those offenses undermined the principles of procedural justice
d. those offenses are now recognized as detrimental to society
The exclusionary rule mainly impacts what type of cases?
a. commercial robbery
b. drug possession
c. robbery
d. sexual assault
During the past 40 years, incarceration rates have
a. decreased in urban areas and increased in rural areas
b. increased in urban areas and decreased in rural areas
c. remained steady overall
d. increased exponentially
In studies of procedural justice, it was found that people who perceived they were
treated fairly by criminal justice agents
a. recidivated at a higher rate
b. Were more likely to obey the law
c. were more likely to accept plea negotiations without an attorney
d. only committed minor offenses
The community-focused program that involved a highly focused and multi-agency
effort and active participation of community groups in order to reduce youth violence
was known as
a. The Boston Gun Project
b. The Chicago Area Project
c. The Midtown Community Court
d. The New York Zero Tolerance Policy
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health collects self-report data on a sample of
the general population and has found drug use to be limited to certain demographic
groups.
The defining factor that makes a case celebrated is a celebrity offender.
The incidence of intimate partner violence was not reduced between 1994 and 2010.
The typical victim in an alcohol-related crash is the drunk driver who has no criminal
justice record of drunk driving.
Research evidence shows the injustice of racial bias in drug enforcement to be
perceived but not real.
Drug legalization means the complete elimination of all forms of government control.
The police-population ratio is meaningless as a measure of police effectiveness.
Maximalists support legalization of all drugs for adults only, while agnostics have no
final position on the legalization debate.
An analysis of Rand Inmate Survey data revealed that the inmates acted rationally in
calculating the costs and benefits of crime.
A lack of data makes it difficult to evaluate our CJS.
The Kansas City Experiment combined problem-oriented policing with a focus on hot
spots.
Wolfgang’s original findings have been confirmed by other cohort studies.
The Justice Reinvestment Initiative channels money from prisons to community-based
programs.
Owls emphasize law enforcement to eradicate drug abuse while doves prefer prevention
and treatment of drug abuse.
Statistics show that the majority of felony defendants released prior to trial return for
their court date.
Describe and critique the Justice Reinvestment Initiative.
Research has shown that police are more likely to stop African Americans than whites.
Defend the argument that the CJS is harsh on crime by using information from the
chapter.
The factor that differentiates second- and third-layer felonies is the frequency with
which the courtroom workgroup sees cases in the different layers as similar in other
ways.