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Final Examination
SECTION 1:
Directions: Please use SCAN TRON (Form 884) and a number 2 pencil. Answer all items, leaving no
spaces blank. For each of the following multiple-choice items, read the sentence that describes a
therapeutic system. Characteristics, key concepts, assumptions, techniques, and so on are described in the
statement. Your task is to identify the theory that best fits the description, or to select the best response.
1. In this approach, the person’s quality world is explored.
a. Gestalt therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. reality therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. person-centered therapy
2. The client has a tendency toward becoming fully functioning and moves toward openness, trust in
self, spontaneity, and inner directedness.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. family systems therapy
e. person-centered therapy
3. Humans are shaped and determined by their environment, and behavior is learned via conditioning.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. none of the above
4. Behavior is determined by unconscious forces, early experiences, and by sexual and aggressive
impulses.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. REBT
d. reality therapy
e. narrative therapy
5. People experience feelings of anxiety and despair due largely to their irrational thinking.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. cognitive-behavior therapy
d. reality therapy
e. family systems therapy
6. Faulty personality development results from inadequate resolution of some specific stage of
psychosexual development.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. existential therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
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7. This is an application of existential therapy to family systems.
a. symbolic-experiential family therapy
b. multigenerational family therapy
c. structural-strategic family therapy
d. human validation process model
e. Adlerian family therapy
8. This approach emphasizes personal responsibility, unfinished business, avoidance, direct
experiencing in the here-and-now, and awareness.
a. cognitive behavior therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. social constructionism
d. Gestalt therapy
e. behavior therapy
9. The focus of this approach is on overt behavior, precision in specifying treatment goals, developing
specific treatment plans, and assessing results.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. existential therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
10. This model stresses self-evaluation of behavior, personal responsibility, total behavior, and
commitment to change.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. family therapy
d. existential therapy
e. reality therapy
11. Clients are viewed from a systemic perspective.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. family therapy
d. cognitive behavior therapy
e. person-centered therapy
12. A goal of this approach is eliminating maladaptive behavior patterns through employing techniques
of acceptance and commitment to change.
a. Gestalt therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. existential therapy
e. psychoanalytic therapy
13. This sociocultural therapeutic movement stresses an egalitarian therapeutic relationship and views
the client as an expert on his or her own life.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. cognitive behavior therapy
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d. existential therapy
e. feminist therapy
14. This approach suggests that mindfulness-based techniques are useful in stress reduction.
a. reality therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. family therapy
d. behavior therapy
e. psychoanalytic therapy
15. This theory places central importance on encouragement and community feeling.
a. reality therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
16. Skillful use of questioning is central to this model of brief therapy.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. solution-focused therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. existential therapy
17. This model of therapy has strong empirical support for the effective treatment of phobias.
a. behavior therapy
b. Gestalt therapy.
c. psychoanalytic therapy.
d. person-centered therapy.
e. family systems therapy.
18. This approach has been successfully applied to encounter groups, school settings, and political
movements.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. REBT
c. behavior therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. existential therapy
19. This approach suggests that understanding the client’s problem is not essential in solving it.
a. cognitive-behavior therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. behavior therapy
e. solution-focused brief therapy
20. The concept that “unfinished business” from our past gets in the way of our current functioning is
central to this approach.
a. cognitive-behavioral therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. existential therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
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21. Insight can be helpful but is not considered essential for therapeutic change to occur.
a. reality therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. existential therapy
e. both (a) and (b)
22. Diagnosis and assessment are considered important in therapy.
a. behavior therapy
b. feminist therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. both (b) and (c)
23. Diagnosis is not considered essential for therapeutic change.
a. feminist therapy
b. solution-focused therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. all of the above
24. This approach is regarded as part of the “third wave” of behavior therapy.
a. dialectical behavior therapy
b. mindfulness-based stress reduction
c. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
d. acceptance and commitment therapy
e. all of the above
25. Unconscious motivation for client resistance is a central focus of this approach.
a. behavior therapy
b. psychoanalytic therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
d. feminist therapy
e. reality therapy
26. Concepts of political action and social justice are stressed in this approach.
a. Gestalt therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. family systems therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. feminist therapy
27. Exploration of creativity and artistic self-expression represent new developments in this approach.
a. family systems therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
28. The ego-defense mechanisms operate as a way of coping with anxiety.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. person-centered therapy
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c. REBT
d. reality therapy
e. both (c) and (d)
29. This approach emphasizes anxiety as a catalyst for living authentically.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. behavior therapy
e. family systems therapy
30. This approach begins with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment, and stresses the family
constellation.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
e. narrative therapy
31. This approach elicits behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve their
ambivalence and increase their intrinsic motivation.
a. mindfulness
b. motivational interviewing
c. Gestalt therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. solution-focused therapy
32. This approach aims to evoke intense emotional experiences in the moment.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. REBT
c. reality therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. behavior therapy
33. The founder of this approach referred to dreams as the “royal road to integration.”
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. dialectical behavior therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. emotion-focused therapy
34. This model stresses the concept that basic inferiority feelings are normal and help us to strive for
superiority.
a. reality therapy
b. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. existential therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. person-centered therapy
35. This approach has its theoretical foundations rooted in philosophy.
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a. person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. existential therapy
e. narrative therapy
36. This approach places emphasis on triangulation in close relationships.
a. feminist therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. narrative therapy
e. solution-focused brief therapy.
37. This approach does not involve a phenomenological orientation.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. reality therapy
c. existential therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. all of the above involve a phenomenological orientation.
38. This approach places emphasis on freedom and responsibility, anxiety, death, confronting one’s
ultimate aloneness, and searching for meaning in life.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. reality therapy
c. existential therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. cognitive behavior therapy
39. Logotherapy is a branch of this approach.
a. cognitive behavior therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. existential therapy
e. family systems therapy
40. This approach to psychotherapy stresses choice theory.
a. REBT
b. reality therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
SECTION 2:
Read each question carefully. Select the response that best answers the question as it applies to theories
and techniques of counseling.
41. Which theorist stressed the view that universal feelings of inferiority and a striving for power are
basic components of personality development?
a. Carl Rogers
b. Alfred Adler
c. Albert Ellis
d. Aaron Beck
e. Salvador Minuchin
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42. Erik Erikson based his theory on:
a. the role of spirituality in the development of the personality.
b. critical tasks associated with each stage of development.
c. principles of learning theory.
d. birth order and the family constellation.
43. In this approach to therapy, clients are assisted to identify, experience, accept, explore,
transform, and manage their emotions.
a. emotion-focused therapy
b. motivational interviewing
c. dialectical behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. reality therapy
44. What type of therapist is most likely to take a 5 to 10 minute break toward the end of each session
to formulate feedback for the client?
a. solution-focused therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. psychodynamic therapy
45. Looking at the client from a subjective (rather than an objective) viewpoint is stressed in which
therapy approach(es)?
a. narrative
b. existential
c. person-centered
d. Adlerian
e. all of the above
46. In dialectical behavior therapy, clients are encouraged to:
a. develop mindfulness skills.
b. explore early painful childhood experiences.
c. change their behaviors.
d. develop emotion regulation.
e. all of the above
47. ___________________ is rooted in a person-centered philosophy, but it is
integrative in that it synthesizes aspects of Gestalt therapy and existential therapy.
a. Emotion-focused therapy
b. Acceptance and commitment therapy
c. The A-B-C model
d. Multimodal therapy
e. Stress inoculation training
48. A central goal of Motivational Interviewing is to:
a. access unconscious material in order to bring it into consciousness and work through
it.
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b. increase internal motivation to change based on the personal goals and values of
clients.
c. increase extrinsic motivation.
d. increase social interest.
e. create a new narrative for clients that builds their self-esteem.
49. Which of the following is not associated with behavior therapy?
a. applied behavior analysis
b. total behavior
c. relaxation training
d. extinction
e. flooding
50. Person-centered therapy is:
a. an approach that has been researched extensively.
b. an experiential therapy.
c. a therapy that focuses on the subjective world of a client.
d. an approach to developing understanding of people.
e. all of the above.
51. Which of the following is not a technique of the Gestalt approach?
a. the rehearsal exercise
b. the figure formation process
c. the empty chair technique
d. staying with the feeling
e. the exaggeration exercise
52. Which of the following is a recent trend in behavior therapy?
a. decreased attention to the therapeutic relationship
b. incorporation of mindfulness approaches and techniques
c. decreasing emphasis on specificity of goals
d. incorporation of dream work into treatments
e. both (c) and (d)
53. Rational emotive behavior therapy shares an interest in working with faulty beliefs with what other
therapy approach?
a. person-centered therapy
b. existential therapy
c. reality therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
54. Which of the following is not a key concept of Adlerian therapy?
a. family constellation
b. operant conditioning
c. social interest
d. triangulation
e. both (b) and (d)
55. Which of the following approaches does not place emphasis on homework outside of therapy
sessions?
a. cognitive behavioral therapy
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b. behavior therapy
c. reality therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. both (b) and (c)
56. Which of the following notions do the feminist, postmodern, and person-centered approaches share
in common?
a. the belief that the client is the expert on his or her life
b. the importance of interpretation of dreams
c. their stance on diagnosis
d. both (a) and (c)
e. all of the above
57. According to Carl Rogers, effective therapy does not need to include ______.
a. diagnosis.
b. therapist interpretation.
c. active intervention of a directive nature by the therapist.
d. giving information or giving advice.
e. all of the above
58. Which of the following statements about existential therapy is false?
a. Existential therapy is primarily aimed at working through the transference relationship.
b. Existential therapy is subjective in nature.
c. Existential therapy encourages clients to act on what they know and learn about themselves
in therapy.
d. Existential therapy deals with such matters as anxiety, guilt, and freedom.
e. Existential therapy is aimed at helping clients make a commitment in the face of
uncertainty.
59. Process and outcome studies on therapeutic effectiveness have been conducted primarily by those
who subscribe to:
a. postmodern therapy.
b. reality therapy.
c. behavior therapy.
d. person-centered therapy.
e. both (c) and (d)
60. Exploration of polarities is a technique used in ________.
a. cognitive-behavior therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
d. existential therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
61. Which therapy approach holds that the stories people live by grow out of conversations in a social
and cultural context?
a. person-centered therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
e. narrative therapy
62. The customer-type relationship is associated with:
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a. Adlerian therapy.
b. existential therapy.
c. solution-focused brief therapy.
d. family systems therapy.
e. dialectical behavior therapy.
63. Which of the following approaches is not easily applied to group counseling?
a. Adlerian therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. feminist therapy
e. none of the above
64. Which of the following statements about EMDR is not true?
a. Therapists should not use this procedure unless they receive proper training and
supervision from an authorized EMDR instructor.
b. Some evidence indicates that the eye movement component of EMDR may not be
integral to the treatment.
c. Controlled studies of EMDR demonstrate that this approach to treating trauma clearly
outperforms no treatment and achieves similar or superior results as other methods.
d. EMDR consists of three basic phases involving hypnosis, targeted eye movement
exercises, and debriefing.
65. Which statement is false as it applies to reality therapy?
a. The focus is on observable behavior.
b. A commitment is an essential part of therapy.
c. There is a focus on getting clients to re-author their stories.
d. The therapist needs to establish an involvement with the client.
e. The past is not explored in this approach.
66. Rational emotive behavior therapy does not contend that________.
a. people make themselves disturbed by the sentences they tell themselves.
b. traumatic events themselves cause problems such as depression and anxiety.
c. people must be willing to reindoctrinate themselves if they hope to change.
d. therapy is hard work and requires practice outside of the sessions.
e. therapy is a cognitive process.
67. Which of the following approaches does not have an established application to family therapy?
a. Adlerian therapy
b. narrative therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. cognitive-behavioral therapy
e. none of the above
68. The “empty chair” technique is most often used in which approach?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. REBT
c. Adlerian therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. behavior therapy
69. Feminist therapy does not stress:
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a. an egalitarian therapeutic relationship.
b. confronting oppression.
c. dealing with transference feelings.
d. social justice.
e. listening to girls’ and women’s voices.
SECTION 3:
The following multiple-choice questions are related to major contributions or limitations of the various
therapies. Select the most accurate or appropriate response.
70. A contribution of the psychoanalytic approach is:
a. the focus on the human-to-human encounter.
b. a comprehensive and detailed system of personality.
c. a reliance on the scientific method to assess therapeutic outcomes.
d. that it can be practiced by a wide range of professionals.
71. A contribution of the existential approach is:
a. the freedom of both the client and therapist to be creative during the therapy sessions.
b. the specific and precise goals of treatment.
c. the development of a specific set of techniques.
d. the wide applicability for lower-functioning clients.
e. the standardization of the approach.
72. A contribution of the person-centered approach is:
a. its applicability to nonverbal clients.
b. the active stance of the therapist.
c. the wide variety of techniques generated.
d. its emphasis on the therapeutic relationship and the attitudes of the therapist as crucial.
e. the systematic description of past influences and how these are significant in current
behavior.
73. A contribution of the Gestalt approach is:
a. the emphasis on the therapist’s interpretations.
b. the attention given to the role of irrational beliefs as a cause of emotional disturbances.
c. focusing on unfinished business in the past in a way that is immediate and direct.
d. the attention it gives to the therapeutic contract.
e. the emphasis on value judgments in therapy.
74. A contribution of behavior therapy is that:
a. it provides a plausible explanation of personality development.
b. it focuses on insight.
c. it emphasizes freedom, choice, and deciding.
d. it is a pragmatic approach based on experimental validation of the results.
75. A contribution of REBT is:
a. the “I-Thou” relationship between client and therapist.
b. the emphasis on understanding the subjective world of the client.
c. the emphasis on putting newly acquired insights into action via the “homework
assignment” method.
d. the emphasis on cathartic experience of one’s feelings.
76. A contribution of reality therapy is that:
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a. it provides insight into causes of problems.
b. it changes core beliefs.
c. it focuses on assisting clients to relive past trauma.
d. it explains childhood influences on present behavior.
e. it consists of simple and clear concepts that can be easily understood by a variety of people
in the helping professions.
77. A limitation of psychoanalysis is that:
a. few techniques are generated by this approach.
b. it minimizes the client’s ability to choose their outcomes.
c. there is not enough emphasis on action and doing as requisites for change.
d. it does not account for unconscious factors or for the effects of early learning.
e. both (b) and (c)
78. A limitation of the existential approach is:
a. few techniques are generated from this approach.
b. it is a deterministic theory.
c. it does not give the client enough responsibility for the therapy process.
d. the systematic description of past influences and how these are significant in current
behavior.
e. none of the above
79. A limitation of the person-centered approach is that:
a. it discounts the value of the therapeutic relationship.
b. it focuses too much on the past.
c. it requires a lengthy period of time.
d. some practitioners give support to their clients without challenging them.
e. it lacks support from research.
80. A limitation of the postmodern approaches is that:
a. they are deterministic.
b. they cannot be applied with a wide range of clients.
c. they do not generate many techniques.
d. they rely too heavily on the therapist as expert.
e. inexperienced clinicians may use the techniques in a mechanistic fashion.
81. A limitation of behavior therapy is:
a. the overemphasis on insight.
b. the results of therapy cannot be objectively assessed.
c. the treatment goals are too broad.
d. the directive approach may overwhelm clients from collectivistic cultures.
e. the necessity for long-term therapy to effect any change.
82. A limitation of rational emotive behavior therapy is:
a. it is not a confrontational approach.
b. the danger of it being an overly intellectual approach that could explain away feelings.
c. the extreme focus on experiencing feelings to the exclusion of recognizing cognitive
factors.
d. it does not consider exploring transference as worthwhile.
e. both (b) and (d)
83. A limitation of reality therapy is:
a. that it does not adequately address unconscious factors.
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b. the focus on a client’s problems, not strengths.
c. the many lofty and abstract concepts.
d. that it ignores behavior change by overstressing attitude change.
e. that it requires lengthy professional training to use many of the concepts in practice.
84. A limitation of Adlerian therapy is that:
a. it does not deal adequately with intrapersonal factors.
b. it does not take into account family patterns.
c. it underemphasizes social factors in personality.
d. it has not been extensively subjected to research.
85. A contribution of the Adlerian approach is:
a. Adler’s influence on most of the other therapy systems.
b. the concept of redecision therapy.
c. its methods of analysis of transference.
d. its techniques which help clients relive past emotional events in the here-and-now.
86. A contribution of object-relations theory is that:
a. it provides an extension of psychoanalytic concepts.
b. it offers a new perspective on human development.
c. it provides ways of working with certain character disorders.
d. it shows how earlier experiences with significant others are important in terms of present
relationships.
e. all of the above
SECTION 4:
For each of the specific theories of counseling and psychotherapy listed below, a number of multiple-
choice questions are presented. After reading each question carefully, choose the most accurate or
appropriate response.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
87. In psychoanalytic therapy, dream analysis:
a. reveals a client’s unconscious wishes, needs, and fears.
b. gives insight into some areas of unresolved problems.
c. often involves free association.
d. all of the above
e. all but (c)
88. Who is not associated with the object-relations approach?
a. Heinz Kohut
b. Otto Kernberg
c. Erik Erikson
d. Margaret Mahler
e. Anna Freud
89. Self psychology and object-relations theory stress:
a. the influence of critical factors in early development on later development.
b. the differentiation between and integration of the self and others.
c. the importance of the family constellation and early memories.
d. the striving for superiority based on inferiority feelings.
e. both (a) and (b)
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90. Which of the following structures of personality houses our childish impulses?
a. the id
b. the ego
c. the superego
d. the collective unconscious
e. the libido
91. According to the psychoanalytic perspective:
a. people are motivated by social interest.
b. people have a tendency to adopt irrational modes of thinking.
c. people are determined by early childhood experiences.
d. people define themselves by the choices they make.
e. people strive to discover meaning in life.
ADLERIAN THERAPY
92. The concept of “private logic” refers to:
a. the person’s search for meaning in life.
b. concepts about self, others, and life that constitute the philosophy on which one’s lifestyle
is based.
c. irrational ideas that lead to emotional upsets.
d. catastrophic expectations that lead to anxiety.
93. Another term for Adlerian therapy is:
a. the psychosocial approach.
b. control theory.
c. humanistic psychology.
d. individual psychology.
94. All of the following are key concepts of this approach except for:
a. fictional finalism.
b. Gemeinschaftscefuhl.
c. striving for significance and superiority.
d. quality world.
e. social interest.
95. Adlerians would be least likely to use which of the following techniques?
a. advice
b. paradoxical intention
c. empty-chair
d. lifestyle assessment
e. early recollections
96. Adler used the term or phrase _______________ to account for our striving toward
superiority or perfection.
a. perfectionism
b. guiding self-ideal
c. narcissism
d. neurotic striving
e. the Napoleon Syndrome
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EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
97. Which term or phrase is least likely to be used by an existential therapist?
a. restricted existence
b. personal responsibility
c. systematic desensitization
d. anxiety
e. nonbeing
98. Within this approach, therapy is viewed as:
a. a form of operant conditioning.
b. a shared journey between therapist and client.
c. a process of exploring unconscious dynamics.
d. a process of exploring the system one lives in.
e. an intellectual and emotional debate aimed at changing one’s irrational beliefs.
99. From an existential perspective, anxiety is viewed as:
a. the result of negative self-talk.
b. the result of internalized introjects.
c. the conflict between the id and the superego.
d. part and parcel of human existence.
e. the result of ineffective planning.
100. Which of the following is not an existential key concept?
a. capacity for self-awareness
b. exploring the client’s quality world
c. freedom and responsibility
d. search for meaning
e. authenticity
PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
101. The most important variable related to therapeutic progress is:
a. the therapist’s skills.
b. the client/therapist relationship.
c. objective assessment and diagnosis.
d. the client’s willingness to participate in exercises.
102. According to Maslow, the core characteristics of self-actualizing people include all of the
following except:
a. self-awareness
b. freedom
c. basic honesty and caring
d. trust and autonomy
e. dichotomies within oneself
103. Person-centered therapists contend that change cannot occur without:
a. a behavior plan.
b. a growth promoting climate.
c. catharsis.
d. discussion of the client’s dreams.
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e. understanding the client’s family constellation.
104. Rogers describes people as having which characteristic(s) as they move toward self-actualization?
a. openness to experience
b. internal sources of evaluation
c. capacity to challenge transference relationship
d. ability to undermine irrational thought patterns
e. both (a) and (b)
105. Which of the statements below about Motivational Interviewing is accurate?
a. MI works by activating clients’ own motivation for change and adherence to
treatment.
b. Practitioners using Motivational Interviewing must develop the ability to confront their
clients regularly when they encounter resistance.
c. The therapeutic relationship is not regarded as important in achieving successful
outcomes.
d. Responsibility for change rests with the counselor.
e. None of the above.
GESTALT THERAPY
106. All of the following are a part of Gestalt therapy except:
a. unfinished business.
b. striving for superiority.
c. energy and blocks to energy.
d. avoidance.
107. The Gestalt approach is a form of which general orientation to therapy?
a. existential
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. social-learning
108. If a client were to indicate an interest in exploring some traumatic childhood experience, the
Gestalt therapist would most likely ask the client to:
a. look at the beliefs leading to certain feelings.
b. tell a story about this past experience.
c. set up specific goals aimed at behavior change.
d. relive the experience as though it were taking place now.
109. The defense(s) that is (are) considered the major channel of resistance is (are):
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. sublimation.
e. all but (d)
110. Of the following, what would the Gestalt therapist be most likely to pay attention to in a therapy
session?
a. thought patterns
b. nonverbal cues
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c. contact and resistance to contact
d. evidences of irrational thinking and faulty assumptions
e. both (b) and (c)
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
111. For people who experience difficulty in expressing what they think and feel, which behavioral
technique would be most appropriate?
a. relaxation training
b. assertion training
c. operant conditioning
d. systematic desensitization
112. Which of the following is not a behavioral technique?
a. coaching
b. acceptance
c. analysis of transference
d. stress-management training
e. systematic desensitization
113. Which of the following is not a part of dialectical behavior therapy?
a. the basic ID
b. exploration of early childhood traumas
c. mindfulness
d. group therapy
114. Multimodal therapy stresses:
a. relying exclusively on learning theory.
b. limiting practice to a few specific techniques.
c. adherence to an existential framework for practice.
d. technical eclecticism.
e. the role of the therapist’s values in therapeutic outcomes.
115. Which of the following is not a key element of the process of in vivo exposure?
a. a functional analysis of objects or situations a person avoids or fears
b. the generation of a hierarchy of situations for the client to encounter
c. a brief, graduated series of exposures to feared events
d. a lifestyle assessment
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY
116. Stress-inoculation training is associated with:
a. Aaron Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Arnold Lazarus.
d. Albert Ellis.
e. Francine Shapiro
117. The person who has specialized in cognitive therapy with depression is:
a. A. T. Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Arnold Lazarus.
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d. Albert Bandura.
e. none of the above
118. Cognitive behavior therapy may be difficult for diverse clients because:
a. it overemphasizes emotional connectedness and collectivism.
b. it lacks empirical support.
c. it fails to account for environmental factors such as cultural differences in behavior.
d. there is the possibility that a culturally appropriate schema could be interpreted as
irrational by the therapist.
e. none of the above
119. Ellis contends that we develop emotional and behavioral problems because:
a. we are not successful in finding projects that give us meaning in life.
b. we live by the values that our parents taught us.
c. we are unable to cope with unfinished business from childhood years.
d. we hold irrational expectations for ourselves and others.
e. others reject us when we are struggling to be real.
120. Regarding the use of techniques in CBT:
a. they are considered the only necessary component of therapeutic change.
b. they lack standardization and validation and are largely ineffective in creating change.
c. they are emphasized, but not considered exclusively responsible for creating change.
d. they are used intermittently to help clients gain insight.
e. none of the above
REALITY THERAPY
121. The first phase in the practice of reality therapy is:
a. conducting a comprehensive assessment that leads to a diagnosis.
b. formulating a plan for specific ways the client can change his or her life.
c. getting involved with the client and connecting.
d. urging the client to live in reality and abandon faulty goals.
122. Current reality therapy is based on the notion that:
a. our choices are at the root of our psychological distress.
b. the therapist’s job is to make value judgments of client behavior.
c. punishment will lead to successful life choices.
d. in order to change present problems, it is essential to understand how these problems
originated during early childhood.
123. Contemporary reality therapy is based on the assumption that:
a. people are moved by inner forces.
b. external forces have a major influence on people’s decisions and actions.
c. behavior is caused by environmental factors.
d. negative attitudes cause behavioral problems.
e. both (c) and (d)
124. According to Glasser, change occurs when:
a. we change our attitudes.
b. we release pent-up feelings dating back from childhood.
c. we acquire insight into why we are behaving the way we are.
d. we recognize and act on the reality that our behavior is the result of our choices.
e. none of the above
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125. Reality therapists contend that “neurotic” and “psychotic” behavior is:
a. the result of a chemical imbalance.
b. strictly the result of living in irresponsible ways.
c. the product of irrational thinking.
d. the result of severe stress and not being understood.
e. behavior we choose as a way of attempting to control our world.
FEMINIST THERAPY
126. What perspective calls for feminist theory to include an analysis of multiple identities and their
relationship to oppression?
a. postmodern feminism
b. lesbian feminism
c. radical feminism
d. cultural feminism
e. liberal feminism
127. Which of the following is considered to be a major contribution feminists have made to the field of
counseling?
a. pioneering research in the therapy process
b. creation of a brief, solution-focused therapy approach
c. integrating a diagnostic perspective in counseling practice
d. paving the way for gender-sensitive practice
e. all of the above
128. The feminist therapy approach to group work calls for:
a. creating a supportive environment for women to discuss women’s issues.
b. creating a place to explore political action.
c. creating an empowering community for those who have traditionally been denied political
power.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
129. All of the following are considered to be constructs of feminist theory except being:
a. gender-neutral.
b. androcentric.
c. life-span-oriented.
d. interactionist.
e. flexible.
130. Very young children develop______________, which are internalizations of the gender roles
perpetuated in a sexist society.
a. gender schemas
b. gender maps
c. gender complexes
d. sexist identities
POSTMODERN APPROACHES
131. In social constructionism, which of the following would be least important in understanding how
individuals construct their lives?
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a. gender awareness
b. cultural perspectives
c. developmental processes
d. the impact of irrational beliefs
e. dominant narratives
132. The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated with:
a. solution-focused therapy.
b. the linguistic approach.
c. the narrative approach.
d. the reflecting team.
e. the social constructionist approach.
133. All of the following are associated with solution-focused therapy except:
a. Insoo Kim Berg.
b. Michelle Weiner-Davis.
c. Steve de Shazer.
d. Michael White.
134 . In working with a client, a solution-focused therapist would be least likely to use which of the
following techniques?
a. co-create new solutions with the client
b. explore problems transmitted from generation to generation
c. miracle questions
d. exception questions
e. scaling questions
135. Narrative therapists do which of the following?
a. help clients construct a preferred story line.
b. uncover repressed feelings.
c. dispute irrational beliefs.
d. use the WDEP system to explore choices.
e. conduct a power analysis.
FAMILY SYSTEMS THERAPY
136. A therapist who works from a systemic point of view would be likely to:
a. obtain an accurate DSM diagnosis of his or her clients.
b. focus on the intrapsychic causes of a client’s symptoms and help him or her develop the
inner resources to cope in a more adaptive manner.
c. explore the functioning of a client’s family of origin using a genogram.
d. utilize free association to tap into a client’s feelings about his or her family system.
137. One of Satir’s techniques is:
a. externalizing the problem.
b. family sculpting.
c. paradoxical intervention.
d. reauthoring life stories.
e. the miracle question.
138. The model that applies concepts of existential therapy to a family systems approach is:
a. Bowenian family therapy.
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b. human validation process model.
c. structural therapy.
d. strategic therapy.
e. experiential/symbolic family therapy.
139. Which family systems theorist used the term super reasonable to describe a position that is
adopted to maintain control of one’s messy or painful emotions?
a. Monica McGoldrick
b. Betty Carter
c. Virginia Satir
d. Murray Bowen
e. Salvador Minuchin
140. What is the technique in family therapy that casts a new light on a problem and provides a different
interpretation of a problematic situation?
a. reorganization
b. family mapping
c. restructuring
d. reframing
e. joining
141. A mother and her adult child have formed a close-knit relationship in which neither one can
discriminate their own unique beliefs from those of the other. This is an example of:
a. triangulation.
b. enmeshment.
c. displacement.
d. individuation.
e. differentiation.
142. A basic premise of the Adlerian approach to family therapy is that:
a. families experience difficulty because they fail to provide each other with unconditional
positive regard.
b. mistaken goals of parents and children lead to repetitive, negative interaction patterns.
c. sibling rivalry is at the core of family discord.
d. dysfunctional families are the product of unfavorable sociocultural conditions.
e. none of the above.
143. Feminist and postmodern models of family therapy are based on the perspective
of____________________ ; that is, the family practitioner becomes part of the family
system and just by being present with the family changes it.
a. first-order cybernetics
b. second-order cybernetics
c. first-order connection
d. second-order connection
144. All of the following are major general movements of the multilayered approach to family therapy
except for:
a. forming a relationship.
b. conducting an assessment.
c. hypothesizing and sharing meaning
d. facilitating change
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e. conducting outcome research to evaluate techniques used
145. Assessing the appropriateness of hierarchical structure in the family is important in which of the
following approaches?
a. Bowenian family therapy
b. human validation process model
c. structural family therapy
d. strategic family therapy
e. both (a) and (c)
SECTION 5:
Items 146 through 200 are conceptual items that list a series of related concepts, techniques, and/or
theorists (or individuals) associated with one therapeutic approach. One item in the series of five does not
fit with the other four items. Identify the word or phrase that does not fit with the rest of the series.
146. (a) life stages, (b) developmental crises, (c) psychosocial stages,
(d) relational cultural theory, (e) critical tasks
147. (a) fictional finalism, (b) basic mistakes, (c) power analysis, (d) social interest
(e) style of life
148. (a) coaching, (b) modeling methods, (c) systematic desensitization,
(d) reversal technique, (e) relaxation technique
149. (a) pre-therapy change, (b) exception questions, (c) the miracle question,
(d) scaling questions, (e) problem-saturated stories
150. (a) object-relations, (b) strategic, (c) structural, (d) multigenerational,
(e) experiential-symbolic
151. (a) the internal dialogue exercise, (b) the rehearsal experiment,
(c) cognitive restructuring, (d) the exaggeration exercise, (e) making the rounds
152. (a) style of life, (b) openness to experience, (c) formative tendency,
(d) internal source of evaluation, (e) willingness to continue growing
153. (a) behavior modification, (b) mistaken goals, (c) private logic,
(d) early recollections, (e) family constellation
154. (a) ego-defense mechanism, (b) anxiety, (c) psychosexual development stages, (d) the
unconscious, (e) social action
155. (a) search for self-awareness, (b) awareness of death, (c) bad faith,
(d) striving for superiority, (e) authenticity
156. (a) storied lives, (b) personal is political, (c) deconstruction,
(d) search for unique outcomes, (e) re-authoring
157. (a) assessment, (b) preparation, (c) imaginal flooding, (d) cognitive
restructuring, (e) shame-attacking exercises.
158. (a) differentiation of self, (b) triangulation, (c) enmeshment,
(d) early recollections, (e) family life cycle
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159. (a) Michael White, (b) Albert Ellis, (c) Insoo Kim Berg, (d) Steve de Shazer,
(e) Harlene Anderson
160. (a) lifestyle assessment, (b) genograms, (c) family-life chronology,
(d) accommodating, (e) joining
161. (a) self-evaluation, (b) plan for action, (c) commitment,
(d) unconditional positive regard, (e) WDEP
162. (a) total behavior, (b) quality world, (c) confronting irrational beliefs,
(d) cycle of counseling, (e) choice theory
163. (a) person-centered therapy, (b) feminist therapy, (c) Gestalt therapy,
(d) existential therapy, (e) experiential therapies
164. (a) A-B-C theory, (b) irrational beliefs, (c) not-knowing position,
(d) cognitive restructuring, (e) self-defeating thought patterns
165. (a) reflection, (b) creative arts, (c) active listening, (d) empathic understanding, (e) miracle
question
166. (a) holism, (b) field theory, (c) figure-formation process,
(d) social constructionism, (e) organismic self-regulation
167. (a) exception questions, (b) the dialogue experiment, (c) staying with the feeling, (d)
reversal technique, (e) present-centered dream work
168. (a) externalization and deconstruction, (b) figure-formation process,
(c) narrative conversations, (d) reauthoring one’s life, (e) collaborative partnership
169. (a) Arnold Lazarus, (b) Murray Bowen, (c) Virginia Satir, (d) Carl Whitaker,
(e) Salvador Minuchin
170. (a) systematic desensitization, (b) cognitive restructuring, (c) acceptance and commitment
therapy, (e) assertion training, (e) empty chair technique.
171. (a) dream analysis, (b) free association, (c) early recollections,
(d) interpretation of transference, (e) analysis of resistance
172. (a) unconditional positive regard, (b) empathic understanding, (c) congruence,
(d) active listening, (e) gender role interventions
173. (a) totalizing descriptions, (b) paradoxical directive, (c) problem-saturated story, (d)
dominant story, (e) building an audience
174. (a) solution-focused therapy, (b) dialectical behavior therapy,
(c) exception questions, (d) miracle question, (e) formula first session task
175. (a) quality world, (b) WDEP, (c) choice theory, (d) self-evaluation,
(e) transference
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176. (a) reexperiencing unfinished business in the here-and-now, (b) transference,
(c) free association, (d) interpretation, (e) maintaining the analytic framework
177. (a) irrational ideas, (b) homework assignments, (c) shame-attacking exercises,
(d) rational-emotive imagery, (e) dream interpretation
178. (a) polarized thinking, (b) labeling and mislabeling, (c) magnification and minimization,
(d) selective abstraction, (e) externalization and deconstruction
179. (a) nondirective, (b) ambivalence about change, (c) intrinsic motivation,
(d) MI spirit, (e) change talk.
180. (a) collective unconscious, (b) archetypes, (c) persona, (d) shadow,
(e) narrative therapy
181. (a) object relations theory, (b) choice theory, (c) self psychology, (d) relational
psychoanalysis, (e) interpersonal analysis
182. (a) solution-focused brief therapy (b) self psychology, (c) object-relations theory,
(d) borderline personality, (e) narcissistic personality
183. (a) empowerment and egalitarianism, (b) power analysis and power intervention, (c) choice
theory, (d) social action, (e) self in relation theory
184. (a) layers of neurosis, (b) unfinished business, (c) genograms, (d) contact and resistance to
contact, (e) energy and blocks to energy
185. (a) positive orientation, (b) look for what is working, (c) exceptions to a problem, (d) small
changes pave way for larger changes, (e) therapist as expert
186. (a) cognitive restructuring, (b) cognitive therapy, (c) coping skills programs, (d) stress-
inoculation training, (e) total behavior
187. (a) multimodal therapy, (b) BASIC ID, (c) technical eclecticism, (d) therapeutic flexibility
and versatility, (e) quality world
188. (a) power analysis and power intervention, (b) assertion training, (c) stress-management
training, (d) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, (e) exposure therapies
189. (a) documenting the evidence, (b) re-authoring alternative stories, (c) flooding, (d)
narrative letter writing, (e) mapping the influence of the problem
190. (a) total behavior, (b) choice theory, (c) existential-phenomenological orientation, (d)
family systems therapy, (e) reality therapy
191. (a) establishing the relationship, (b) exploring the individual’s dynamics,
(c) working through transference neurosis, (d) encouraging insight, (e) helping with
reorientation
192. (a) fictional finalism, (b) shame-attacking exercises, (c) acting “as if,” (d) lifestyle
assessment, (e) teleological approach
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193. (a) shame-attacking exercises, (b) the internal dialogue exercise (c) the reversal technique,
(d) the rehearsal experiment, (e) the exaggeration experiment
194. (a) experiential therapy, (b) existential therapy, (c) person-centered therapy, (d) Gestalt
therapy, (e) postmodern approaches
195. (a) change and the search for new possibilities, (b) the encouragement process,
(c) family constellation, (d) gender role intervention, (e) personal priorities
196. (a) cognitive disputation, (b) cognitive homework, (c) rational-emotive imagery,
(d) shame-attacking exercises, (e) solution-focused therapy
197. (a) listening from a “not-knowing” position, (b) paradoxical interventions, (c) enactments,
(d) reframing, (e) issuing directives
198. (a) death and nonbeing, (b) search for meaning, (c) search for unique outcomes,
(d) striving for identity, (e) anxiety as a condition of living
199. (a) joining and accommodation, (b), deconstructing problem-saturated stories, (c) family
reconstruction, (d) tracking interactional sequences, (e) enhancing interpersonal
communication
200. (a) reexperiencing one’s past, (b) planning and commitment, (c) exploring a client’s
picture album, (d) refusing to accept excuses, (e) teaching clients self-evaluation
ANSWER KEY FOR FINAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Questions 1 – 100
1. C 21. E 41. B 61. E 81. D
