CHAPTER 9 — AFTER CONVICTION: THE PROBLEM OF PRISON
Multiple Choice
1. In England, secular houses of correction that housed prostitutes, vagrants, debtors, and
other minor criminals in the 1500’s were called:
A. Bridewells
B. Gaol’s
C. Maritime prison
D. Prisons
2. The goals of sentencing that prisons seem to achieve are:
A. Deterrence and incapacitation
B. Deterrence and rehabilitation
C. Retribution and incapacitation
D. Retribution and rehabilitation
3. Which of the following is not one of the issues that the Home Secretary Michael Howard
addressed in England relative to the “Prison Works” slogan?
A. The rise in the use of custodial sanctions by courts
B. The increase in the length of sentences
C. The increase in the time served by those in remand prisons
D. The increase use of the death penalty as a deterrent
4. What is the name of the agency in England that coordinates in 10 geographic regions the
services of both the prison system and the probation service so inmates who are leaving
prison are supervised and provided with the best release plan possible?
A. Independent monitoring boards
B. National Offender Management Service
C. Act on Penal Detention Facilities and Treatment of Inmates and Detainees
D. Volunteer Probation and Parole Offices
5. Which of the following is not a noncustodial sanction available in France?
A. House arrest
B. Probation
C. Fines
D. Community service
6. Which German legislation sets forth all of the principles and methods to be practiced in
German correctional facilities.
A. The Prison Act of 1976
B. The Prison Act of 1776
C. The Post-Unification penal code of 1871
D. The Bavarian Code of 1813
7. Which of the following is not one of the three features that strongly support the heavy use
of rehabilitative philosophy in Germany?
A. Unique environmental conditions
B. Extensive work and training opportunities
C. Community integration programs
D. Isolation and meditation programs
8. Which of the following is an example of a crime that one can be put into administrative
detention for in China?
A. Murder
B. Theft
C. Rape
D. White collar crime
9. An individual has been held in a correctional facility for the past three years for
disturbing the public order. He has never had a trial. What country is this individual
probably in?
A. France
B. China
C. Japan
D. Germany
10. Which is the most commonly used sanctions for crimes in Japan?
A. Incarceration
B. Community Service
C. Fines
D. Shaming
11. The use of arbitrary arrest and incarceration, torture, and corporal and capital punishment
have been said to be common in both criminal and political cases in which of our model
countries?
A. France
B. Germany
C. Japan
D. Saudi Arabia
12. Which one of our model countries may be the real leader in incarceration rates, but
because of incomplete and questionable data we are unable to accurately assess or judge
its imprisonment status?
A. France
B. Germany
C. China
D. Saudi Arabia
13. In what federal case was it decided that prisoners could sue state officials over prison
conditions, poor treatment, or the denial of basic rights in the United States?
A. Cooper v. Pate
B. Miranda v. Arizona
C. Roper v. Simmons
D. Minnenci v. Pollard
14. The crime control model assumes that criminal behavior can be controlled by:
A. Introspective therapy
B. More incarceration and strict supervision in the community
C. Implementation of more noncustodial sanctions
D. A regime of solitude
15. Which of the following is not one of the three key issues of concern within the Japanese
prison system?
A. Lengthy incarceration terms
B. Cruel and inhumane reports of treatment of prisoners
C. Growing number of inmates who are member of gangs or organized crime groups
D. Growing number of inmates coming into prisons with drug abuse and mental health
issues.
Sentence Completion
1. History tells us that in 621 B.C a Greek magistrate and politician named __________ was
known for his law setting that included the extensive use of the death sentence and other harsh
punishments such as starvation, poisoning, and death by exposure.
2. Dutch courts were believed to be the first to regularly substitute imprisonment for corporal
punishments. The term used to describe this sentence was_______________, which included all
forms of incarceration.
3. One of the hallmarks of the American ___________________ of the early twentieth century
was the interest in a new approach to corrections: rehabilitation of the individual offender by
specialists in corrections.
4. ________________________ represent a way to bring outsiders into the prisons to help with
problems of administration and discipline.
5. In Germany ________________ allows inmates to receive private visits from their spouses
and children for four hours every two months.
6. If we compare the use of noncustodial sanctions in England, France, and Germany, we can see
that _________________ is clearly the leader in the use of such sanctions.
7.________________________ is both a policy and the name of the kind of correctional facility
that incarcerates those who have administrative detention status in China.
8. _________________________ is a form of punishment in the People’s Republic of China that
allows authorities to impose fines and incarcerate people without the benefit of a trial and formal
adjudication as criminals.
9. Among the most controversial of the educational and reform methods used in Chinese
correctional facilities are programs that promote _________________.
10. One example of a unique rehabilitative program that is practiced in many Japanese
correctional facilities is ____________, which is a method of therapy in which individuals use
introspection to understand the impact of their behavior on others and that of others on
themselves.
11. Prison is not the conventional sentencing recourse in Saudi Arabia that it is in our other
model countries, primarily because of the tendency to use other methods, such as
__________________.
12. __________________ is the single most pressing problem faced by prison systems across the
world today.
13. It is difficult to clearly understand the reasons for crowded prisons throughout the world
because the problem is complicated by a combination of ____________________,
________________, and _________________ factors.
14. One way in which the construction strategy has been advanced in the United States and,,
more recently in other countries has been through the development of _________________,
which are correctional institutions operated by private firms on behalf of governments.
15. In 1955 the ________________ developed what has become the most well-known of prison
guidelines, the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
True/ False
1. In the Middle Ages, prisons remained largely for minor offense and for those in debt, but the
purpose of some prisons become expanded to include longer incarceration terms as punishment
rather than awaiting punishment.
2. Early European prisons were rarely called prisons; instead they were called dungeons, towers,
or gaols.
3. The American prison system developed in response to the arbitrary and cruel corporal
punishments that were inflicted on offenders in previous eras in the hope that they would deter
others from crime.
4. Faced with high crime rates and high recidivism rates, criminal justice officials throughout the
world, except for in the United States have turned to a crime control model.
5. Influenced by the progressive movement in the United States, some reformers in England are
calling for more reliance on prison as a way of punishing offenders.
6. England and Wales have the highest number of inmates in Western and Northern Europe.
7. In the postwar years, France moved from an emphasis on prison reform to a generally harsher
philosophy on punishment.
8. The French have tried to deal with the problem of increasing incarceration rates through the
office of juges de l’ application des peines (corrections judges)
9. German prisons are always located in extremely rural locations.
10. Prisons in China usually house the less dangerous inmates, including those with a sentence of
a year or less.
11. Probation is called public surveillance in China, and it can be imposed from three months to
two years and requires that the offender report regularly to the local public security agency.
12. In Japan, much like the Chinese system, offenders progress through a system that allows
them more privileges and freedoms as they successfully serve their sentence.
13. The United States is clearly the leader in incarceration rates.
14. The population reduction strategy calls for the use of prisons only for violent offenders who
have not been deterred by other punishments.
15. Proponents of the null strategy say that nothing should be done about prison overcrowding,
in hopes that the conditions will become so deplorable that offenders will be deterred from
committing crimes in order to stay away from prisons.
Short Answers
1. Discuss the three key issues of concern of the Japanese penal system.
2. Discuss the two distinguishing features of the French penal system: proportion of pretrial
detainees and the office of the correction judge.
3. Discuss the three features that strongly support the rehabilitative philosophy of Germany.
4. List the seven kinds of formal social control mechanisms in China.
Essays
1. Discuss some of the solutions to prison overcrowding.
ANS:
2. Discuss the placement of supranational criminals.
3. Discuss America’s experience with incarceration. Be sure to include information regarding the
progressive movement and the crime control model.
