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57. In the 1800s what type of punishment represented liberal reform?
a.
Wergild
b.
Indentured servants
c.
Penitentiaries
d.
Hard labor work camps
58. If Bloomingdales existed in every century, when would we find this sentence as a popular punishment?
a.
Eleventh century
b.
Twelfth century
c.
Thirteenth century
d.
Fourteenth century
59. Amputation of a hand or other body part as punishment for a crime of shoplifting aligns best with which goal of
punishment?
a.
The pain of punishment is greater than the reward.
b.
Punishment keeps people from repeating their crimes.
c.
An equitable solution to the crime.
d.
A punishment that is proportionate to their crime.
60. If Caroline had been put to death for her crimes of shoplifting, what philosophy or goal would that punishment best
align with?
a.
Wergild
b.
Specific deterrence
c.
General deterrence
d.
Just desert
Jeff Johnson is the newest judge to take the bench in the fifth district of Virginia. He spent 25 years as a prosecutor before
being elected to the court. He is known for his lenient views on drugs and his extreme conservative views on crimes of
violence. Judge Johnson is about to sentence a drug offender who has been convicted for the third time.
61. Judge Johnson views drug abuse as a sickness and a public health issue, not a criminal issue. What type of sentencing
for this defendant would the judge likely favor?
a.
Concurrent sentencing
b.
Indeterminate sentencing
c.
Determinate sentencing
d.
Structured sentencing
62. Sean is a methamphetamine addict, he shot and killed the owner of a video store during a robbery, and he assaulted
one of the employees of that video store so badly she will never walk again. If Judge Johnson was going to sentence Sean
to more than 5 years in prison, what should Judge Johnson consider above all other factors in sentencing him?
a.
Sean’s violent tendencies
b.
Sean’s addiction to meth
c.
Sean’s motivation for robbery
d.
Sean’s use of a weapon
63. Rebecca is a 37-year old black woman standing in front of Judge Johnson in absolute disbelief that she has not
received a life sentence for killing her husband while he slept. She was in an abusive marriage. Instead, she received a 5-
year sentence. How can you best explain Judge Johnson’s decision?
a.
Judge Johnson is also black and therefore has more sympathy.
b.
Older offenders get sentenced to lesser punishments than the young.
c.
Minorities are sentenced to more prison time than whites.
d.
Women are more likely to be treated leniently.
64. Judge Johnson believes that that an offender who is dead cannot commit any more crime. What is his rationale for
supporting the death penalty?
a.
Harsh punishment is morally correct.
b.
The most serious punishment is for the most serious crime.
c.
It is justified to reduce the crime rate.
d.
Homicide rates increase when the death penalty isn’t used.
65. ____________________ were sixteenth century English laws that were used to put vagrants and abandoned
children to work.
66. The ____________________ goal of punishment means that an offender must pay back the victim for their loss.
67. A crime control policy suggesting that punishment should be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to
repeat their criminal actions is _________.
68. A sentence of 3–20 years for the crime of burglary is an example of a(n) ____________________ sentence.
69. ____________________ relies on a fixed term of incarceration set in law by the legislature.
70. ____________ are a set of standards that define parameters for trial judges to follow in setting sentences.
71. Three-strikes laws are an example of a(n) ____________________ sentence.
72. The use of ____________________ factors such as offender age is a direct violation of the constitution.
73. Prison sentences served simultaneously and run together are ______ sentences.
74. A prisoner that is sentenced for two crimes and serves his sentences one after the other is serving ______ sentences.
75. A ____________________ describes the loss suffered by the victim of a crime.
76. Severity of the offense, criminal record, use of a weapon, and use of violence are _____ variables considered in
sentencing.
77. The suggestion that low rates of female crime are a reflection of the leniency of police and judges toward
female offenders is the __________.
78. Supporters of the death penalty argue that capital punishment conforms to the requirement that the
punishment be ____________________ to the crime.
79. In Ring v. Arizona, the court found that ________, not judges, must make the critical findings that send
convicted killers to death row.
80. Due to _____, hundreds of wrongfully convicted individuals have been exonerated in recent years.
81. The Supreme Court has limited the death penalty to first degree murder, and then only when
_____________________ are present.
82. Public opinion polls show that Americans _____ the use of the death penalty by a wide majority, though less so than a
decade ago.
83. The ___________ refers to an outcome of capital punishment that enhances, rather than deters, the level of violence in
society.
84. In 1972 in Furman v. Georgia, the court decided that the discretionary imposition of the death penalty was
____________ under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the US Constitution.
85. In Gregg v. Georgia, the court found that capital punishment for the crime of murder does not violate the _____
Amendment under all circumstances.
86. The number of offenders being sent to prison today is __________ than a decade ago.
87. Under truth-in-sentencing laws, ____________inmates entering prison will serve an average of 88 months behind
bars.
88. Approximately half of the states have three-strikes sentencing laws, but all of them require the third felony to be
___________.
89. In Blakely v. Washington, the court found that Washington State’s sentencing guidelines were a violation of a
defendant’s ____ Amendment rights because they allowed a judge to consider aggravating factors that would enhance the
sentence.
90. _______ can be lost if inmates break prison rules, get into fights, or disobey correctional officers.
91. Discuss the history of punishment, including a discussion of the rise of prisons.
92. Elaborate on the major goals of criminal sentencing. Discuss the message each goal is attempting to convey to the
offender.
93. Compare and contrast the sentencing models of indeterminate and determinate.
94. Discuss whether or not sentencing guidelines or determinate sentencing can control judicial discretion.
95. Discuss the deterrence impact of determinate, mandatory, and truth-in-sentencing models.
96. Elaborate on the relationship between race and sentencing. Include a discussion of the impact the victim’s
race has on sentencing.
97. List and discuss each of the factors that influence sentencing.
98. List and briefly discuss the arguments for and against the death penalty.
99. Elaborate on the court’s involvement in concerns over the death penalty, including a discussion of relevant
case law.
100. Discuss the findings of researchers regarding the death penalty as a deterrent.
