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chapter 8
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. Police administrators will tell you that honesty is the most crucial trait in a police applicant and police officer.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The Lautenberg Act prohibits anyone convicted of a misdemeanor domestic violence offense from owning or using a
firearm.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Herman Goldstein has defined police corruption as “acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a
manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or others.”
a.
True
b.
False
4. The police subculture often works against the ethical precepts of police departments.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Police officers are allowed to use the level of force necessary to counter a suspect’s resistance and get the suspect to
comply with a lawful order.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Federal suits against police officers are known as 1983 suits, because they are based on Section 1983 of Title 42 of the
U.S. Code (Civil Action for Deprivation of Civil Rights).
a.
True
b.
False
7. Excessive force is a common reason for suing police officers.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Police officers who are assigned to internal affairs divisions are highly respected by other police officers in a
department.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The number of Department of Justice investigations into civil rights issues in police and sheriffs' departments has
dramatically declined in recent years.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Polls asking respondents to rate the honesty and ethical standards of various occupations usually show that police
receive a very negative rating.
a.
True
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b.
False
11. The Knapp Commission’s investigation failed to recognize police corruption in New York City.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Police civil liability means that a police officer may be sued under civil law concepts such as negligence and torts.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Today, most major cities have some type of citizen oversight to assist in the investigation of alleged police
misconduct.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Federal law enforcement agents rarely succumb to the temptation of corruption or misconduct.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Officers known as "meat-eaters" take small bribes or relatively minor services offered by citizens seeking to avoid
arrest or to get special police services.
a.
True
b.
False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
16. What is the first step in testing a rookie officer’s loyalty to the group that models the academy’s
psychological preparation and early socialization with fellow officers??
a.
Free meals
b.
Loyalty backup
c.
Flaking drugs t
d.
Miami test
17. Police testimony that narcotics found on the ground were dropped by persons they arrested has been called
______.
a.
dropsy testimony
b.
fallen testimony
c.
on-the-ground testimony
d.
All of the above.
18. The 193l National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement was more popularly known as the
___________.
a.
Kerner Commission
b.
Volmer Commission
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c.
Wickersham Commission
d.
Kefauver Commission
19. ____________________ is an administrative action coordinated through the state police standards
organization that will determine if cause exists to strip an officer of his or her state certification to be a police
officer.
a.
Certification suspension
b.
Interstate certification
c.
Background certification
d.
Decertification
20. What commission was formed to investigate New York City police corruption in the 1990s?
a.
Knapp Commission
b.
Mollen Commission
c.
Wickersham Commission
d.
Watson Commission
21. Which of the following is an example of police corruption?
a.
A police officer receives $15 from a driver for not giving him or her a summons for speeding.
b.
A police officer receives sexual favors from a driver for not giving him or her a summons for
speeding.
c.
An off-duty police officer escorts a drug dealer as he or she delivers illegal drugs to customers and
receives $100 per delivery.
d.
All of the above.
22. : Which of the following is an example of biased-based policing?
a.
The term “driving while black”
b.
Using ethnicity or race as the determining factor for stopping and searching individuals
c.
Racial profiling
d.
All of the above.
23. ? Which is not a cause of police resistance to the use of civilian review boards?
a.
The police do not have the final say in what discipline, policies, and training the department will
implement.
b.
Citizen review boards allow people who know nothing about police work to make decisions for the
department.
c.
Police realize the value of the citizen review process’s effect on public perception of the department.
d.
The board can duplicate the work of internal affairs and cause unnecessary expense and time to the
community.
24. Today, ____________________ of the major U.S. cities have some form of citizen oversight in place.
a.
a few
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b.
about half
c.
none
d.
most
25. Any police-initiated activity that relies on a person’s race or ethnic background as a basis for suspicion in
involvement in criminal activity is called ___________.
a.
noble cause policing
b.
situational stereotype policing
c.
biased-based policing
d.
dispositional policing
26. The Greek philosopher who wrote the classic Nicomachean Ethics was ___________.
a.
Aristotle
b.
Plato
c.
Socrates
d.
Onassis
27. Which of the following has been proposed as a solution to police brutality?
a.
Improved training
b.
Better screening of applicants
c.
Citizen review
d.
All of the above.
28. In the case of ____________________, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that to be liable, police departments
must be deliberately indifferent to the needs of the people with whom police come in contact.
a.
Mapp v. Ohio
b.
Terry v. Ohio
c.
Lawrence v. Texas
d.
Canton v. Harris
29. The Knapp Commission was created __________.
a.
because an incident in which police used excessive force was caught on tape
b.
in response to a series of articles in the New York Times detailing widespread corruption
c.
after a city councilperson’s son was illegally detained and searched
d.
due to a political mandate by a newly elected governor
30. The most dangerous aspect of the “rotten apple” theory of police corruption is that police commanders
______.
a.
think that only one or a few officers are corrupt
b.
don’t take strong proactive measures to eradicate corruption throughout the department or precinct
c.
consider small discounts or freebies to officers from local businesses is acceptable
d.
only arrest one or a few corrupt officers as an example to the other officers
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31. The first national commission to discuss police brutality was the ___________.
a.
Knapp Commission
b.
Wickersham Commission
c.
Presidential Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
d.
National Commission on Causes and Prevention of Police Brutality
32. Many departments today rely on units described as “professional standards” units, “compliance” units, or
“integrity” units as a major resource to combat corruption. These are other names for _________.
a.
programs created to increase the number of superior officers in departments
b.
civilian complaint review boards
c.
internal affairs divisions
d.
units created to provide greater liaison with district attorney offices
33. A tort is a ___________.
a.
felony case
b.
misdemeanor case
c.
criminal wrong
d.
private wrong
34. Officers who participate in more aggressive types of corruption by seeking out and taking advantage of
opportunities for corruption are called ___________.
a.
meat-eaters
b.
grass-eaters
c.
dirt-eaters
d.
tree-eaters
35. Noble cause corruption is also known as ____________.
a.
Dirty Harry syndrome
b.
blue line crossing
c.
blue corruption
d.
meat-eating
36. Jerome Skolnick wrote that police deception usually occurs at three stages of the police detection process.
Which of the following is not one of those stages?
a.
Investigation
b.
Arrest
c.
Interrogation
d.
Testimony in court
37. Which of the following is an example of the ethical standards established to determine how police officers
should act?
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a.
Organizational value systems or codes of ethics designed to educate and guide the behavior of those
who work in the organization
b.
The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
c.
An oath of office
d.
All of the above.
38. Early warning systems typically use ____________________ to flag officers who may be prone to problems
when interacting with the public.
a.
first-line superiors
b.
field training sergeants
c.
computer programs
d.
citizen review boards
39. The Knapp Commission was a(n) ____________________ commission.
a.
international
b.
federal
c.
state
d.
local
40. Which of the following is an example of the standards governing police ethics?
a.
U.S. Constitution
b.
Bill of Rights
c.
Case law as determined by appellate courts and the U.S. Supreme Court
d.
All of the above.
41. Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code was originally enacted by Congress as a means of enforcing the
____________________ Amendment guarantee of rights to the newly freed slaves.
a.
Fourth
b.
Fifth
c.
Tenth
d.
Fourteenth
42. According to Rolando v. del Carmen a major source of police legal liability is all of the following except
__________.
a.
moral liabilities
b.
civil liabilities
c.
criminal liabilities
d.
administrative liabilities
43. The police code of silence is often referred to as the blue curtain or __________.
a.
red curtain
b.
blue shop
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c.
blue wall
d.
blue sky
44. What was the end result of the arrest of Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (a Harvard University scholar) by a
Cambridge, Massachusetts, police sergeant?
a.
The police sergeant was convicted of a civil rights violation.
b.
Gates was convicted of burglary.
c.
Both Gates and the police sergeant were convicted of state crimes.
d.
The charges were dropped against Gates and a meeting took place between the sergeant, the president
of the United States, and Gates.
45. Which of the following is not an argument in favor of citizen review?
a.
It improves public trust and confidence in law enforcement.
b.
A citizen review board can monitor and review departmental policies that lead to citizen complaints.
c.
It will make police officers more aggressive in enforcing the law.
d.
A citizen review board can provide an independent evaluation of citizen complaints.
46. When excessive force is used with the public and there is a significant disparity between the level of
compliance by the person and the level of force used by the officer, the use of force is considered to be ______.
a.
police misconduct
b.
police malfeasance
c.
police mistreatment
d.
police brutality
47. In a 2016 Gallup poll, when asked to rate the standards of various occupations, ____________________
percent of respondents rated the police either very high or high in honesty and ethical standards.
a.
12
b.
42
c.
58
d.
91
48. Police officers who violate a person’s civil rights by unlawfully searching or detaining them can be sued
under what law?
a.
Title 42 U.S.C. Section 1983
b.
Federal Interstate Compact
c.
Civil Rights Act of 1965
d.
Civil Rights Act of 1991
49. What is the most prevalent type of corruption in law enforcement today?
a.
“Rotten apples”
b.
Biased-based policing
c.
Police deception
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d.
Noble cause corruption
50. What stems from ends-oriented policing and involves police officers bending the rules to achieve the “right”
goal of putting a criminal in jail?
a.
“Rotten apple” corruption
b.
Biased-based policing
c.
Police deception
d.
Noble cause corruption
51. Police officers who participate in more passive types of police corruption are referred to as _________.
a.
meat-eaters
b.
grass-eaters
c.
dirt-eaters
d.
bug-eaters
52. Officers may be subject to federal liability under the following ___________.
a.
U.S. Code Title 42 Section 1199
b.
U.S. Code Title 42 Section 1983
c.
U.S. Code Title 42 Section 2315
d.
U.S. Code Title 42 Section 1700
53. The New York City plainclothes officer whose revelations about police corruption led to the legendary
Knapp Commission was ___________.
a.
Philip Mass
b.
Patrick V. Murphy
c.
Ernest Verdeschi
d.
Frank Serpico
Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.
54. Units within police departments that “police the police” are called __________.
55. The National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement is more popularly known as the __________
Commission.
56. __________ is the process by which the actions of the police in such areas as arrests, search and seizure, and custodial
interrogation are reviewed by the court system to ensure their constitutionality.
57. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is commonly referred to as the __________Commission.
58. Investigations in which investigators provide opportunities for officers to commit illegal acts are called __________ or
__________.
59. The most notable commission established to investigate allegations of police corruption was the __________
Commission in New York City in 1970.
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60. __________ is concerned with the study of what constitutes right and wrong behavior in certain situations.
61. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in __________requires prosecutors to notify defense attorneys whenever an officer
involved in their case has a record of knowingly lying in an official capacity.
62. In the 1990s, the __________investigated and uncovered some serious corruption among officers serving in New
York City.
63. __________ are the rather broad moral principles that govern all conduct.
64. __________ is defined as the study of what constitutes good or bad conduct.
65. A 1996 federal law (18 U.S.C. 925), widely referred to as the __________Act, prohibits anyone convicted of a
misdemeanor domestic violence offense from owning or using a firearm.
66. Discuss the pros and cons of civilian review boards.
67. Explain how the blue wall of silence contributes to police corruption.
68. Explain how training is being used to prevent police corruption.
69. Discuss the problem of police deception and give some reasons why police officers may be tempted to engage in
deception.
70. Do you support the use of body cameras by police officers? Why or why not?
71. Does the constant review of the police by the judicial system, media, and public have the desired effect of preventing
corruption? Why or why not?
72. Explain why police officers and administrators view settling lawsuits as an ethical issue.
73. Explain why it is important for police officers to study ethics.
74. Explain how the perception of bias-based policing can affect police–community relations.
75. Why is there no such thing as minor unethical behavior?
76. What is implicit bias and how does it factor into police brutality?
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Answer Key
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