CHAPTER 8 – AFTER CONVICTION: THE SENTENCING PROCESS
Multiple Choice
1. The United States has experienced a boom in building prisons and implementing longer
sentences for drug crimes and crimes of violence. This illustrates the United States
tendency toward which of the following as a purpose of punishment?
A. Retribution
B. Rehabilitation
C. Deterrence
D. Incapacitation
2. Which of the following is not one of the purposes of criminal sanctions?
A. Retribution
B. Incapacitation
C. Just Deserts
D. Restoration
3. Which of the purposes of criminal sanctions is practiced in all of our model countries?
A. Restoration
B. Rehabilitation
C. Incapacitation
D. Retribution
4. Which country is the only one of our model countries that uses deterrence?
A. England
B. China
C. France
D. Saudi Arabia
5. Which of the following is not an example of a noncustodial sanction?
A. Branding
B. Fines
C. Confiscation
D. Community Service
6. The noncustodial sanction most closely resembling incarceration is:
A. Probation
B. House arrest
C. Exile
D. Restitution
7. What is the most common form of supervising offenders in the community?
A. House arrest
B. Parole
C. Probation
D. Work release
8. Which of the following is not one of the “get tough on crime” strategies?
A. Three strikes laws
B. Sentencing Guidelines
C. Use of precedents
D. Truth- in– sentencing laws
9. The international trend relative to the death penalty is:
A: Increased use
B. Abolition
C. There is no international movement
D. Abolition except in the cases of ordinary crimes
10. The World Millennium Study conducted by Gallup reflects that:
A. The majority of the people in the world support the death penalty
B. The majority of the people in the world do not support the death penalty
C. The majority of the people in the world are not sure how they feel about the death
penalty
D. The majority of the people in the world feel that the death penalty should be
implemented only in cases of murder.
11. A researcher compares the number of prison admissions over a ten-year period for a
number of countries. His research method is referred to as a:
A. Stock design
B. Flow design
C. Decade design
D. Comparative design
12. According to international reports such as Amnesty International, which country executes
more people than all other countries combined?
A. United States
B. Saudi Arabia
C. China
D. Libya
13. Which of the following is not one of the possible reasons for why the United
States appears to be moving towards abolition of the death penalty?
A. The decrease in the violent crime rate in the United States
B. Changing public attitudes towards the death penalty
C. Increase in the number of exonerations in death penalty cases
D. Pressure from the international community to abolish
14. Which of the following is not one of the limits of International Prison Data?
A. Non- standard definitions
B. Incarceration figures do not account for sentence length
C. Failure of countries to report or accurately report crime data
D. Lack of staff and methodology to handle all of the crime data
15. Penal populism is mainly only a problem in which of our model countries?
A. England
B. France
C. Germany
D. China
Sentence Completion
1. __________________ involves the offender being transformed into a law abiding person
through programs of medical, psychological, economic, or educational improvement.
2. ________________ involves denying the offender the opportunity to commit further crimes,
usually through prison or exile.
3. Restoration involves the ____________, _________________, and _____________ working
together to restore the victim and he community to its previous state.
4. In China, prisoners are subject to institutions called ___________, which are believed to
promote “thought reform through labor.”
5. In most systems, a mixture of ______________, ________________, and ___________
factors is at work and needs to be analyzed to understand the criminal justice process.
6. _________________ is any sentence in which a person’s body is subjected to physical pain,
such as flogging, mutilation, electric shock, or branding.
7. _______________ refers to a variety of forms of detention, including combined or split
sentences, jail, and any period of incarceration short of life imprisonment.
8. In Islamic law _______________ is considered a proper sanction only for recidivists, people
who have not changed as a result of the more direct corporal punishments.
9. ___________ are not popular in the United States as punishment for felonies or serious
misdemeanors, despite their extensive use for minor crimes.
10. Confiscation and _____________ is the governmental seizure of property derived from or
used in criminal activity.
11. One form of restitution used in Islamic countries is called ________, which is paid directly to
the victim or his or her family as compensation.
12.___________ designs measure data at one point in time, whereas _________ designs measure
data over a period of time.
13. ___________________ expands the surveillance capacity of supervision.
14. When a country separates inmates, it typically uses the term ____________ to describe the
facility used to house unconvincted inmates.
15. The penalty of _________ has been a sentencing option since the beginning of civilization.
TRUE/ FALSE
1. Deterrence involves denying the offender the opportunity to commit further crimes, usually
through prison or exile.
2. A recent trend in sentencing in a number of countries, which in some ways is one of the oldest
sentencing methods, is called truth in sentencing.
3. In China, it is important that criminal offenders be persuaded to reform not for themselves but
for the good of their family, village, and especially society.
4. Sentencing practices have generally become less humane over the years.
5. In recent years many countries, especially those in Europe, have actually made an effort to
reduce sentencing severity for a number of crimes.
6. The methods of corporal punishment most commonly used today are flogging, and in rare
cases amputation.
7. Of all the forms of supervising offenders in the community, house arrest is the most common.
8. From a humanitarian standpoint, minimization of short-term imprisonment of non-dangerous
offenders increases the possibility of rehabilitation through work programs, counseling, and
restitution plans.
9. Day fines were created in response to the concern that fines exact a heavier toll on the poor
than on the wealthy.
10. In the United States, probation began with the innovative work of Cesare Beccaria, a Boston
boot maker who was the first person to post bail for defendants under authority of the Boston
Police Court.
11. Technically in the United States, there is no difference between jails and prisons.
12. The World Prison Population List provides the number of prisoners in 218 independent
countries and territories as of May 2011.
13. Female prison populations around the world have grown by 16%, and this is said to be
related to the international fight against HIV.
14. Penal populism is a term given to criminal justice policies that are designed to appeal to the
public appetite for punitiveness with little concern for program effectiveness or the clear
understanding of community views.
15. Japan and the United States are two democratic, industrialized nations that continue to use
the death penalty.
Short Answers
1. What are the five purposes of criminal sanctions?
5. Restoration- the community, victim, and offender are involved in the sentencing process
with the aim of restoring the victim and the community to its previous state.
2. Discuss the concern about the rising international imprisonment rates of women and minority
groups worldwide.
3. List and define the six most common forms of punishments used in the world today
4. What are the limits of international prison data and what are some of the ways researches have
suggested as possible ways to improve methods of collection and presentation of international
prison data?
Essays
1. Discuss the three reasons for the United States’ turn toward abolition of the death penalty.
2. Define and discuss the different types of noncustodial sanctions.
3. Discuss the background of restoration and restorative justice and also cite examples of
restorative justice around the world.