True / False
1. According to the conflict view, crime is a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper
classes at the expense of the poor.
a. True
b. False
2. Critical criminologists contend that the wealthy stratum of society can be involved in acts that should be described as
crimes but are not, such as racism, sexism, and profiteering.
a. True
b. False
3. Critical criminologists believe that economic growth benefits all elements of the population by spurring job creation
and surplus value.
a. True
b. False
4. Critical criminologist who focus on state (organized) crime contend that a government might go to war to support the
capitalist classes who need the wealth and resources of other nations.
a. True
b. False
5. Instrumentalists view criminal law and the criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the poor,
have-not members of society.
a. True
b. False
6. Structural theorists consider it essential to demystify law and justice – that is, to unmask its true purpose.
a. True
b. False
7. Empirical research is considered incompatible with critical criminology.
a. True
b. False
8. Empirical research confirms that, as predicted by critical criminology, a suspect’s race is an important factor in
shaping justice system decision making.
a. True
b. False
9. In response to mainstream critics, critical criminologists accuse critics of selling out their criminological ideals for the
chance to receive government funding.
a. True
b. False
10. According to Hagan and his associates, within the paternalistic home, mothers are expected to control the behavior
of their sons while granting greater freedom to daughters.
a. True
b. False
11. According to critical feminist theory, women are considered a commodity worth possessing, like land or money.
a. True
b. False
12. Left realists are conflict scholars who view the police and the courts as inherent evil tools of capitalism whose tough
tactics alienate the lower classes.
a. True
b. False
13. Left realists support a strict “law and order” philosophy, which has at its centerpiece a policy of punishing juveniles
severely in adult court.
a. True
b. False
14. The family group conference method is usually used for habitual violent offenders.
a. True
b. False
15. Peacemaking criminologists seek nonviolent, humane alternatives to coercive punishment.
a. True
b. False
16. In egalitarian families fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinner while mothers remain at home to supervise
domestic matters.
a. True
b. False
17. Power-control theorists encourage a new approach to the study of criminality that includes gender differences.
a. True
b. False
18. Critical feminists believe that capitalism creates egalitarian families.
a. True
b. False
19. To be reintegrative, shaming must be a long term process.
a. True
b. False
20. Research shows that African American children receive more disciplinary infractions than children from other racial
categories.
a. True
b. False
21. According to conflict theorists, societal conflict promotes crime by
a. creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling have-not members of society.
b. encouraging greater use of government resources by the poor.
c. decreasing the value of corporate profits.
d. decreasing the role of religion in shaping individual reality.
22. Which of the following is NOT a basic concern of critical criminologists?
a. the increased effect of mass media pertaining to demystifying the law
b. the role the government plays in creating a crimogenic environment
c. the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
d. the prevalence of bias in justice system operations
23. The social ferment of the gave birth to critical criminology.
a. 1930s
b. 1940s
c. 1950s
d. 1960s
24. The publication of Taylor, Walton, and Young’s in 1973 gave a powerful boost to the conflict view and
created a tradition for critical criminologists to question the role criminology plays in supporting the status quo and
aiding the oppression of the poor and powerless.
a. The New Criminology
b. Left Realism in the Seventies
c. Feminism and the Law
d. The Social Reality of Crime
25. According to critical theorists, crime is a
a. legal concept designed to protect the poor from oppression.
b. an idealistic concept resulting from a legal system designed to mete out the severest punishments to those who
inflict the most social harm.
c. political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes.
d. philosophical concept whereby laws are designed to maintain a tranquil, fair society.
26. Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business owners who use these profits for reinvestment or
to enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of modern corporate capitalism is termed
a. excess abundance.
b. surplus value.
c. profit distribution.
d. differential wealth.
27. Globalization is of particular concern for critical theorists. What concept inherent in globalization do critical theorists
find problematic?
a. sexism
b. industrialization
c. mechanization
d. surplus value
28. Critical theorists question the altruism of multi-national corporations and, therefore, take a very skeptical view of
a. mechanization.
b. globalization.
c. immigration.
d. technological communications.
29. Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which type of crimes?
a. white-collar crimes b. environmental crimes
c. war crimes d. predatory street crimes
30. describes the anti-social behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental power or to uphold the
race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.
a. Power-control crime
b. State (organized) crime
c. Instrumental theory
d. Structural theory
31. When a government or political authority makes use of death squads to kill political opponents, dissenters, or other
undesirables, what type of crime has been committed?
a. political corruption
b. torture
c. state violence
d. illegal domestic surveillance
32. Which agency used extraordinary rendition where suspected terrorists were sent to secret prisons abroad without a
trial or indictment?
a. ATF
b. CIA
c. FBI
d. ICE
33. According to this type of critical theory, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but the poor are
certainly arrested and punished more often.
a. left realism
b. critical feminism
c. instrumental
d. structural
34. Instrumental theorists view criminal law and the criminal justice system solely as instruments for controlling the
___________.
a. anarchists
b. poor
c. rich
d. terrorists
35. What is the key difference between instrumental theorists and structural theorists?
a. Structural theorists view the criminal justice system as a capitalist instrument for controlling the lower class.
b. Structural theorists believe the law is unidirectional, always working for the rich against the poor.
c. Structural theorists oppose antitrust legislation.
d. Structural theorists focus on anyone who threatens the capitalist system.
36. What type of research methodology is a critical criminologist most likely to employ?
a. examination of historical trends
b. victimization surveys
c. statistical analysis
d. field observation
37. Which type of criminology considers punitive crime control strategies to be counterproductive?
a. power-control
b. peacemaking
c. left-realism
d. classical
38. While mainstream criminologists criticize critical criminologists, what do critical criminologists accuse mainstream
criminologists of doing?
a. failing to recognize structural differences in society
b. selling out their ideals for the chance to receive government funding
c. focusing on expressive crimes rather than instrumental crimes
d. ignoring the impact of environmental factors
39. reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women’s criminality in
terms of gender inequality and patriarchy.
a. Left realism
b. Critical feminism
c. Supranational criminology
d. Restorative justice
40. According to Messerschmidt’s views in Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Crime what factor explains why females in
society commit fewer crimes than males?
a. double marginality
b. marginalization
c. surplus value
d. preemptive deterrence
41. John Hagan’s critical feminist model uses gender differences to explain the onset of criminality. According to
Hagan’s power-control theory, what two factors account for female crime and delinquency?
a. race/ethnicity and social status
b. class position and economic ability
c. education level and family status
d. class position and family functions
42. Girls growing up in are socialized to fear legal sanctions more than males; consequently, boys in these
families exhibit more delinquent behavior than their sisters.
a. paternalistic families
b. matriarchal families
c. egalitarian families
d. capitalist families
43. According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose law-violating behavior mirrors
that of their brothers?
a. paternalistic families
b. matriarchal families
c. egalitarian families
d. capitalist families
44. John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement, contend that
a. the poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class.
b. the wealthy and poor are equally victimized and laws should reflect that equality.
c. the economic inequality in capitalist societies serves to encourage lower class members to improve their
economic status.
d. critical feminists failed to address the patriarchal dominance in American society.
45. Lea and Young’s left realism view of crime causation borrows from mainstream sociological theory and closely
resembles the approach.
a. social structure
b. relative deprivation
c. cultural deviance
d. social learning
46. Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as
a. an effective means of controlling the crimes of all social classes.
b. encouraging crime rather than discouraging it.
c. focusing on poverty rather than socioeconomic status.
d. efforts to repair severed relationships in society.
47. Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice programs?
a. Restoration programs are relatively new having been developed only in the last decade.
b. Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American and Native Canadian
communities for centuries.
c. While used in Europe and Asia, restoration programs have yet to be implemented in the United States.
d. According to Howard Zehr, the core value of the restorative justice process can be translated as therapy for
all.
48. Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called
whereby groups of tribal
elders, victims and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those
accused of breaking the law.
a. a sentencing circle
b. a tribal circle
c. a community circle
d. a resolution circle
49. What type of offender is usually a part of a family group conference?
a. drug offender
b. habitual offender
c. violent offender
d. young first–time offender
50. The restorative justice model holds that should be applied to prevent and control crime.
a. deterrence
b. incapacitation
c. reconciliation
d. retribution
As a young child Jack was always curious. He always questioned authority figures. As he entered his late teen
years, Jack really became skeptical of society and government.
51. Jack’s parents have attempted to explain to Jack that the law exist to maintain a fair society. Jack disagrees and
believes that the law is created by those who control society in order to maintain their wealth and social position, thus
making Jack a theorist.
a. critical
b. developmental
c. restorative
d. social
52. If Jack typically rejects legal definitions of crime. What would he believe causes the least social harm?
a. burglary
b. classism
c. racism
d. sexism
53. Jack believes that it is the supranational crimes that are most harmful to mankind. All of the following are
considered supranational crimes EXCEPT:
a. genocide
b. drug crimes
c. crimes against humanity
d. war crimes
54. Jack‘s father was recently fired from his factory job after 20 years of employment. The company claimed they
were downsizing. As a result of his father’s termination, Jack feels that his father has been pushed outside the
economic mainstream. This push is referred to as:
a. globalization
b. instrumentation
c. marginalization
d. innovation
55. Jack found out that major employers in his community are establishing themselves in foreign markets. While Jack
understands that this practice may provide jobs to third world nations he is concerned that this will take jobs away
from people in his community. This practice is most commonly referred to as:
a. globalization
b. instrumentation
c. marginalization
d. innovation
Tommy and Gina are married with three children. Their two oldest children, Josh and Max are boys and their
daughter Emily is the youngest. Emily is now five years old and should be starting school soon. Tommy is a
supervisor at a local manufacturing company. Gina is a certified public accountant. Prior to having children, she
was an executive at a large accounting firm. Gina has been a stay at home mom for the past five years.
56. Tommy is concerned for his daughter. He believes that his daughter Emily is at a disadvantage because he believes
that society is controlled by men and will oppress his daughter, making it what type of system?
a. global
b. egalitarian
c. patriarchal
d. matriarchal
57. In their home, Gina and Tommy share the power. Each of them has worked and contributed financially to the
household. Gina and Tommy have a(n) family.
a. global
b. egalitarian
c. patriarchal
d. matriarchal
58. Josh will be starting the local high school next year, but have heard that Josh’s proposed high school is considered a
“dropout factory” because it has a completion rate of percent or less.
a. 20
b. 40
c. 60
d. 80
59. Tommy and Gina are discussing whether or not Gina should go back to work as an accountant again. Gina’s against
working in a capitalist system which ultimately oppresses women. This belief is most closely associated with which
theory?
a. left realism theory
b. critical feminist theory
c. power-control theory
d. peacemaking theory
60. Max is fourteen years old. Late one evening, his parents receive a call that Max stole a neighbor’s car. According
to critical theorists, which approach should be utilized in order to involve the community in the process of dealing with
Max and his crime?
a. left-realism
b. power-control
c. restorative justice
d. supranational justice
61. According to critical criminologists, the United States invaded Iraq in order to secure its for American use.
a. media
b. metals
c. oil
d. rubber
62. Who believes that the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an efficient manner?
a. instrumental theorist
b. left-realist theorist
c. restorative theorist
d. structural theorist
63. The average manufacturing wage in China is per hour.
a. 20-25 cents
b. 80-90 cents
c. 1-2 dollars
d. 4-5 dollars
64. Globalism began with the fall of .
a. China
b. Germany
c. Iraq
d. Soviet Union
65. Which is not considered a criticism of globalization?
a. exploitation of natural resources
b. avoiding regulation
c. taking advantage of desperate workers
d. decrease the standard of living in third world countries
Completion
66. to define deviance.
is the ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others, to shape public opinion, and
67. According to critical theorists, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide are examples of
______________ crimes.
68. Critical criminologists who view the law and justice system as serving the interests of the upper classes are
__________________ theorists.
69. The excess profits that are produced by the laboring classes and accrued by business owners are referred to as
______________.
70. is the creation and maintenance of transnational markets.
71. Criminal acts committed by government officials are referred to as .
72. The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects is
_____________
73. is efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement.
74. A system of society or government controlled by men is .
75. is the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior.
Essay
76. Explain the development of critical criminology in light of evolving social conflict in society.
77. What elements of conflict are present in the American legal and justice systems? Respond to this question in terms
of how and why critical criminologists view crime as a political concept designed to protect the power and position of
the upper classes at the expense of the poor.
78. How do critical criminologists view crime? Include in your response the critical criminology specialization called
supranational criminology.
79. Define the term “state (organized) crime” and discuss the various categories of crime contained under the umbrella
of state crime. Include in your response a discussion of the overall impact of state crime on society.
80. Discuss the differences between structural and instrumental theorists and their view of how crime is defined and
how society works to control criminal behavior.
81. What are the research methodologies used by critical criminologists and how do these methods differ from
mainstream criminology research techniques? What do the critical criminology research methods indicate about
crime and criminality?
82. In what way are critical criminologists concerned with domination?
83. Explain the critical feminist view of crime. Include in your response how gender inequality accounts for crimes
committed against women and for the crimes that women commit.
84. One of the newer aspects of critical criminology is left realism. What are the concerns of left realism criminologists
and how does left realism differ from other critical theories?
85. Define and describe the concept of restorative justice and why it is considered an aspect of peacemaking
criminology.