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CHAPTER 7
Substance Use and Addiction
SUMMARY
In this chapter we describe substance use by children and adolescents, the problems
associated with it, and potential solutions to this widespread problem. This discussion is
especially pertinent because in the United States youth have a high rate of tobacco,
alcohol, and extraordinarily high levels of illicit drug use (Johnston et al., 2014).
OUTLINE
Definitional Difficulties and Assessment
The Scope of the Problem
Some Determinants of Substance Use and Common Characteristics of Users
♦ Environmental and Social Correlates of Substance Use
♦ Peer Influence on Substance Use
Some Consequences of Substance Use
♦ Physiological Consequences
♦ Psychosocial Consequences
Specific Intervention Strategies Focused on Drug Use
♦ School Intervention Programs
♦ Family Interventions
Specific Intervention: Motivational Interviewing
Conclusion
SUPPLEMENTS
PowerPoint: Chapter 7 Summary Slides
ACTIVITIES
1) Use before Section III: Split students into groups and either a) have each group
list what they think are the environmental, peer, family, and personal correlates of
2) In groups, have students discuss the connections between each system risk factor
and information regarding at-risk youth so far (i.e., family correlates of substance
use connect to parenting issues discussed in Chapter 4).
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. What does the Peer Cluster Theory emphasize? Illustrate this theory with a case
2. Explain the “spirit” of motivational interviewing. Outline how a motivational
interview might progress, and apply this to one of the case studies that you have
3. Identify common predictors of adolescent drug and alcohol use indicated by the
research presented in class and in the textbook. List and describe two family-
4. If you were to write a Student Assistance Program, what would the framework
look like? Describe how this would be applied to one of the case studies that you
5. How might family and community interventions in substance use interconnect
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
The following questions conform to the standards required by CACREP, EPAS, and other
accrediting agencies.
1. Low parental monitoring and peer drug use are a(n) ______________ of later
problem behavior.
A. indirect influence
B. direct predictor
C. personal influencer
D. family predictor
2. Which of the following is not a concept of motivational interviewing?
A. Autonomy
B. Collaboration
C. Self-efficacy
D. Evocation
3. Most substances have relatively immediate physical effects; these effects are
caused by:
A. impairment of perception and judgment.
B. interference with the normal functioning of the central nervous system.
C. impairment of processing newly learned material.
D. severe impairment to the internal organs.
4. What is considered one of the most predominate family influences of teen
substance use?
A. Authoritative and punitive parenting
B. Deficient parental limit setting
C. Low parent monitoring
D. Poor parent-child relationship
5. One of the personality characteristics associated with pervasive substance use is:
A. low impulse control.
B. decreased social interaction.
C. increased self-esteem.
D. higher involvement amongst peer clusters.
6. Increased loneliness, depression, and suicidal ideation are psychosocial factors of:
A. moderate use of alcohol.
B. moderate use of marijuana.
C. substance abuse interaction programs.
D. serious drug use.
7. An intervention program that involves residential, day-care, and after school
programs would be classified as:
A. school intervention.
B. community intervention.
C. family intervention.
D. student assistance program.
8. A warm, genuine, respectful, and egalitarian stance that is supportive of client
self-determination and autonomy is the main philosophy of:
A. spontaneous dialogue.
B. motivational interviewing.
C. psychosocial therapy.
D. positive behavior intervention.
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
A-head: Specific Intervention: Motivational Interviewing
9. A client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change
by exploring and resolving ambivalence is called:
A. student assistance program.
B. community intervention program.
C. motivation interviewing.
D. cognitive behavioral therapy.
10. Impulsivity is characterized by:
A. weakness in executive control only.
B. strong reward-seeking tendencies only.
C. weakness in executive control and a desire to fit in.
D. strong reward-seeking tendencies and weakness in executive control.
11. The soil that nurtures drug use does not include:
A. strong parental monitoring.
B. poverty.
C. racism.
D. family problems.
12. Peer cluster theory emphasizes that drug use is linked to:
A. low self-esteem.
B. peer relationships.
C. clusters of problems among peer group members.
D. clusters of individual problems.
13. What makes abstention from drugs difficult for adolescents?
A. Cognitive dissonance and high self-regard
B. Weakness of will and high self-regard
C. Cognitive dissonance and personal attribution
D. Personal attribution and high self-regard
14. The Transtheoretical Model of Change bridges:
A. the precontemplation stage and the contemplation stage.
B. peer cluster theory and motivational interviewing.
C. peer cluster theory and the contemplation stage.
D. all theoretical approaches.
15. The dual goals of drug use programs are to:
A. eliminate drug use and identify offenders.
B. identify offenders and provide counseling.
C. delay age of first use and reduce the use of gateway substances.
D. delay the age of first use and identify offenders.
16. Which of the following is not a stage in the Transtheoretical Model of Change?
A. Precontemplation
B. Preparation
C. Acceptance
D. Action
17. Collaboration with a client has been found to:
A. evoke motivation in the client.
B. impose motivation on the client.
C. reduce the client’s feelings of resistance to the therapy.
D. motivate the client to accept authority.
18. Pushing a position on clients often breeds:
A. contempt.
B. defensiveness.
C. co-dependence.
D. contemplation.
19. Which of the following is not considered a gateway drug?
A. Tobacco only
B. Alcohol only
C. Inhalants
D. Marijuana
20. To “dance” with a resistant client means to:
A. engage with them and work with them.
B. enjoy their company.
C. box, wrestle, or fight with them.
D. avoid the issues at hand.
21. The term “substance abuse” is a neutral term.
A. True
B. False
22. Motivational interviewing seeks to impose a worldview on a client.
A. True
B. False
23. Motivational interviewing rejects the Stages of Change model.
A. True
B. False
24. Peer cluster theory is specific to Western White culture.
A. True
B. False
25. Drug use is typically heavier among lower socio-economic groups.
A. True
B. False
