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1. Advocates of arming for self-protection believe self-reliance is necessary to supplement the basic protections provided
by the police.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
2. According to the rationale of necessity, using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries that the
aggressor sustains are deserved.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
3. According to the individualist rationale, a citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would
encroach on his or her autonomy.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 2
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
4. According to the 2010 National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), about 2 percent of victims involved in violent
confrontations claimed that they had counterattacked by drawing their own weapons (other than firearms).
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
5. Justifiable homicides may take place when private citizens kill their attackers during the commission of a felony.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
6. The highest level of household gun ownership was registered in 1977 at 54 percent.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
7. The lowest level of household gun ownership was registered in 2013 at 43 percent.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
8. Gun ownership is generally higher among women than men and people over 50.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
9. During 2011, fewer than 100 people perished from accidental discharges of firearms.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
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Page 4
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
10. Though perpetrators of domestic violence are generally supposed to lose the right to own firearms, many offenders
remain a threat because frequently their guns are not confiscated by law enforcement agencies.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
11. The terms “retaliatory justice” and “vigilantism” each refer to distinctly different phenomena.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.03 – Identify the characteristics of incidents of “retaliatory
justice” and vigilantism.
KEYWORDS:
Apply
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
12. Retributive justice is oriented toward prevention via fear of consequences.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
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QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.04 – Discuss the principles and rationales behind restorative
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
13. Retributive justice resulted from an injury-centered, victim-focused, and reparations-oriented approach.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
False
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.05 – Compare and contrast restorative justice and retributive
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
14. The goal of retributive justice is conviction and punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.05 – Compare and contrast restorative justice and retributive
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
15. Restorative justice uses mediation, negotiation, frank discussion, consensus, and restitution.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
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Page 6
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.05 – Compare and contrast restorative justice and retributive
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
16. In restorative justice, the offender must accept blame and suffer consequences.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
DATE MODIFIED:
17. Informal restorative justice refers to an approach in which harmed parties can be central figures who play hands-on
roles and take charge of how their cases are resolved.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
DATE MODIFIED:
18. Peacemaking circles involve discussions among the victim, the offender, their support systems, and the community.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
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KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
DATE MODIFIED:
19. The restorative justice approach known as peacemaking circles is derived from Native American culture.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.07 – List the pros and cons of resolving cases through the
process of restorative justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
20. Restorative justice seeks recovery of the victim and rehabilitation of the offender.
a.
True
b.
False
ANSWER:
True
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
True / False
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.07 – List the pros and cons of resolving cases through the
process of restorative justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
21. Using force against an attacker is permissible because any injuries that the aggressor suffers are deserved, according
to:
a.
the punitive rationale.
b.
the rationale of necessity.
c.
the social rationale.
d.
all of these rationales.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
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Page 8
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
22. The use of violence is excused when a victim fearing great harm has no choice but to resort to force as a means of
self-protection under the:
a.
punitive rationale.
b.
rationale of necessity.
c.
social rationale.
d.
all of these rationales.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
23. A citizen does not have to yield or concede any territory to those who would encroach on his or her autonomy under
the:
a.
Victim’s Bill of Rights.
b.
individualist rationale.
c.
rationale of necessity.
d.
Victim-Offender Reconciliation Act.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
24. Resistance to attack using self-defense is justified as a way of preserving law and order under the:
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Page 9
a.
punitive rationale.
b.
rationale of necessity.
c.
social rationale.
d.
all of these rationales.
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
25. When people were polled in 2013 about whether they or close personal friend or relative had been a victim of a crime
involving a gun, how many answered yes?
a.
Almost a quarter
b.
Almost one third
c.
Almost one half
d.
About two thirds
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
26. What does the legal use of self-defense require?
a.
The threat posed by the aggressor must be imminent.
b.
The aggressor must be armed with a deadly weapon.
c.
The victim must shoot with an intent of only injuring.
d.
The victim must announce intent to use deadly force.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
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Page 10
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
27. The person asserting the right to self-defense must have a reasonable belief that harm is imminent. On what can this
belief be based?
a.
the size of the adversary
b.
the time of day and the setting
c.
the presence or absence of a weapon
d.
it can be based on all of these factors
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
28. In general, the permissible use of appropriate force to protect one’s life from an adversary whom one reasonably
believes is threatening harm is known as the right to:
a.
self-defense.
b.
a concealed weapon.
c.
free speech.
d.
a proactive defense.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
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Page 11
29. In 2001, 75 million Americans owned an estimated _____ guns.
a.
75 – 100 million
b.
100 – 150 million
c.
150 – 200 million
d.
200 – 250 million
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Remember
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
30. People who support expanding gun ownership often consider these weapons to be:
a.
facilitators.
b.
equalizers.
c.
pernicious.
d.
mediators.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
31. The possibility that firearms can enable law-breakers to gain powerful advantages over their intended targets makes
them:
a.
facilitators.
b.
equalizers.
c.
pernicious.
d.
mediators.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
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Page 12
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
32. When police officers are compelled to shoot and kill dangerous felons in the line of duty, this is classified as:
a.
justifiable homicide.
b.
involuntary homicide.
c.
voluntary manslaughter.
d.
involuntary manslaughter.
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.02 – Summarize the arguments in favor of and in opposition to
arming for self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
33. Currently, what is the status of vigilantism in America?
a.
It occurs much more often than it is actually discussed.
b.
It is discussed much more often than it actually occurs.
c.
It occurs at about the same rate as it is being discussed.
d.
It is rarely every discussed anymore, and rarely occurs.
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.03 – Identify the characteristics of incidents of “retaliatory
justice” and vigilantism.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
Page 13
34. What is a mode of conflict resolution called that relies on the use of force rather than negotiation and compromise, has
a long and bloody history, and has as its goal revenge rather than reconciliation?
a.
Rehabilitative justice
b.
Restorative justice
c.
Retaliatory justice
d.
Victims’ justice
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.03 – Identify the characteristics of incidents of “retaliatory
justice” and vigilantism.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
35. Which of the following is an outlawed alternative to formal case processing within the criminal justice system that
embodies a do-it-yourself approach to settling disputes?
a.
rehabilitative justice
b.
informal justice
c.
victim justice
d.
vigilantism
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.03 – Identify the characteristics of incidents of “retaliatory
justice” and vigilantism.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
36. Which of these embraces themes important to the victims’ rights movement, especially empowerment, notification,
direct involvement, offender accountability, and receiving restitution?
a.
Informal justice
b.
Victims’ justice
c.
Restorative justice
d.
Rehabilitative justice
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
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Page 14
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.04 – Discuss the principles and rationales behind restorative
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
37. What is an approach to resolving criminal cases called that rejects inflicting punishment and pursuing retribution in
favor of seeking restitution followed by victim–offender reconciliation?
a.
victims’ justice
b.
restorative justice
c.
retaliatory justice
d.
rehabilitative justice
ANSWER:
b
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.04 – Discuss the principles and rationales behind restorative
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
38. According to your text, the situations of victims in the future will be shaped by:
a.
relying on the formal justice system.
b.
relying on weapons when under attack.
c.
seeking peacemaking opportunities.
d.
the interactions among all these things.
ANSWER:
d
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Chapter Introduction
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.05 – Compare and contrast restorative justice and retributive
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
39. With which of these is retributive justice most associated?
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Page 15
a.
resolution via the criminal justice system
b.
actions that injure specific individuals
c.
mediation, negotiation, and consensus
d.
taking responsibility and making amends
ANSWER:
a
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.05 – Compare and contrast restorative justice and retributive
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
40. Which concept involves taking troublemakers out of circulation to protect the public?
a.
restoration
b.
restitution
c.
incapacitation
d.
arbitration
ANSWER:
c
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES:
False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.05 – Compare and contrast restorative justice and retributive
justice.
KEYWORDS:
Understand
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
41. What is the most common type of approach to restorative justice?
a.
victim-offender mediation
b.
peacemaking circles
c.
family group conferencing
d.
a community board
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
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42. A go-between is necessary to facilitate the flow of information from one disputant to another in which process?
a.
Conciliation
b.
Arbitration
c.
Restoration
d.
Retaliation
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
DATE MODIFIED:
43. Mediation is a type of:
a.
official and retributive justice.
b.
alternative dispute resolution.
c.
psychotherapeutic technique.
d.
rehabilitation of an offender.
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
DATE MODIFIED:
44. Which of these involves a neutral individual called in to break a deadlock?
a.
Conciliation
b.
Arbitration
c.
Restoration
d.
Retaliation
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
self-defense.
KEYWORDS:
Analyze
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
DATE MODIFIED:
45. A means of conflict resolution that begins with the wrongdoer’s undergoing reintegrative shaming by describing the
criminal incident to an assemblage of relatives, friends, and neighbors is called:
a.
family group conferencing.
b.
victim allocution.
c.
the peacemaking circle.
d.
the community justice center.
ANSWER:
POINTS:
REFERENCES:
QUESTION TYPE:
HAS VARIABLES:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
KEYWORDS:
DATE CREATED:
DATE MODIFIED:
46. Explain the legal concept of self-defense, including the four perspectives that shape self-defense laws.
ANSWER:
Self-preservation is a basic human right, and this underpins the logic used in the law to
allow for self-defense against crime. Though the Model Penal Code developed a standard
definition, most states have variations in the wording of their statutes. Essentially, there
are four perspectives that shape the wording in this legislation. The first is the punitive
rationale, which argues that any injury the aggressor suffers is deserved. The second, the
rationale of necessity, contends that violence is justified if there is no choice but to resort
to force for self-preservation. The third perspective is the individualist rationale, which
finds that a citizen should not have to yield any territory to anyone seeking to violate their
autonomy. Finally, the fourth perspective, the social rationale, states that self-defense is
justified as a means of preserving law and order.
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses: Would Victims
Be Better Off If They Were Armed?
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE:
Basic
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.01 – Explain the four rationales that govern the use of force in
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE:
Basic
KEYWORDS:
Evaluate
DATE MODIFIED:
47. Summarize some points in the history and current status of vigilantism or retaliatory justice. Identify two ideologies
and their proponents that help to constrain vigilantism and explain their respective reasoning.
ANSWER:
“Taking the law into one’s own hands” via a do–it-yourself approach has been variously
named as street justice, frontier justice, curbstone justice, back-alley justice, and even
retaliatory justice. However, experts find that retaliation is not truly justice, as it goes
beyond what can be justified as self-defense. Victimologists, criminologists, and
government officials equate this behavior with the old-fashioned concept of vigilantism.
Vigilantism has a long and brutal history, beginning in the Old West as a reaction against
bands of desperadoes marauding along the frontier. In the Deep South, it took the form of
lynching. While lynch mobs often claimed to seek vengeance on behalf of victims, their
actions were often motivated by racism. Vigilantism also has strong political connections
to the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazis, white supremacists, some militia movement groups, and
other right-wing extremists. Lynch mobs rationalized their acts of violence with a
distortion of the idea that “the end justifies the means.”
Today, there is more controversy about vigilantism than actual implementation of it.
However, criminals commonly resort to vigilantism to settle disputes that they cannot bring
to law enforcement without incriminating themselves.
Those who respond to the emotional appeal of vigilantism as a solution to street crime do
not consider offender rehabilitation, offender restitution to victims, or offender-victim
reconciliation; instead, they consider only retaliation in kind as their definition of criminal
justice.
Two ideologies opposing the vigilante impulse constrain it: (1) law enforcement and
government officials reject vigilantism because professionals should control the criminal
justice process, not ordinary citizens, who are not experts; and (2) civil libertarians reject
vigilantism as overly swift, sure, and informal on-the-spot justice, which ignores due
process and other constitutional law and thus can involve mistaken identity and cause
false accusations and punishments of innocent people. The rights of both the victims and
the accused are ignored. Also, mobs in the heat of the moment inflict much harsher
punishment—often resulting in death—than the law typically would.
Although vigilantism has been described as taking the law into one’s own hands, vigilantes
do not take the law; rather, they break the law.
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
goal of also empowering offenders to see the error of their ways and aid in their
rehabilitation. Restorative justice projects use four different approaches: victim-offender
mediation, peace circles, family group conferencing, and community boards. Evaluations
have found little differences between restorative justice programs and traditional criminal
justice approaches in terms of recidivism rates for adult offenders, but restorative justice
has had success in reducing recidivism rates for juvenile offenders. The majority of
evaluations regarding victim satisfaction have found high rates for restorative justice
compared to traditional processes. Restorative justice programs have received higher
ratings for fairness by offenders, victims, and other stakeholders than the ratings for the
traditional criminal justice system by those who have experienced it.
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE:
Basic
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.04 – Discuss the principles and rationales behind restorative
justice.
CVIV.KARM.20.13.05 – Compare and contrast restorative justice and retributive
justice.
CVIV.KARM.20.13.06 – Describe how restorative justice programs operate.
KEYWORDS:
Evaluate
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
49. What is informal justice and what does the future hold for its growing interest in criminal justice?
ANSWER:
Informal justice is a concept spearheaded by reformers as a part of the restorative justice
movement. It is a combination of unwritten, flexible, discretionary procedures used to fit
individual cases. It is highlighted by disregard for the current traditional system, which
activists viewed as rigid and impersonal. Informal approaches to crime are predicated on
the notion that the current criminal justice system has failed at addressing crime, and non-
stranger conflicts should be resolved outside of the system. The lack of prisons’ ability to
reduce crime or individual recidivism is also at the center of the restorative justice
movement. Reformers argue that the current system works to serve state interests, often to
the detriment of offenders and victims. Net-widening has caused formal criminal justice
processing of cases that can be dealt with better in the community, which will serve to
reduce the impact of the criminal label on the offender, as well as to relieve currently
redress of the harm, and will not only empower the direct individuals involved, but
future effectiveness of the criminal justice system, as it will focus on violent crimes and
other crimes that harm society more. With more and more political support owing to the
amount of savings derived from informal processes, especially in bad economic times, the
future looks optimistic for this alternative approach to crime.
POINTS:
1
STUDENT ENTRY MODE:
Basic
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.07 – List the pros and cons of resolving cases through the
process of restorative justice.
KEYWORDS:
Evaluate
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
50. Identify and discuss several possible drawbacks that could occur when using extrajudicial, informal alternatives to
traditional criminal justice procedures.
ANSWER:
While alternative dispute resolution, family group conferencing, and victim-offender
reconciliation programs offer practical solutions to overloaded and underfunded courts,
jails, and prisons, they also have several potential drawbacks.
For example, if shifting cases from the traditional system to informal justice alternatives
results in oversized caseloads, mediators could resort to treating cases on an assembly-
line basis to speed things up, which violates the individual case-by-case basis of informal
justice. Moreover, workers could even address unmanageable caseloads by eliminating
face-to-face mediation sessions, which violates the spirit of reconciliation.
Another possible problem is that although the original intent of alternative justice was to
settle nonviolent, petty property offenses, recently judges and legislators more and more
often seem to refer violent conflicts to mediation. Violent cases are inappropriate for
mediation, and offenders cannot make restitution to repair harm to their victims. In
addition, mediators will not be equipped to resolve other difficult cases without more
professionals, resources, and support from criminal justice and social service agencies
than they currently have.
In cases such as incest, those advocating for informal justice must also consider the
likelihood of reconciliation and weigh it against the risks of revictimization.
POINTS:
1
REFERENCES:
Toward Restorative Justice
QUESTION TYPE:
Essay
HAS VARIABLES:
False
STUDENT ENTRY MODE:
Basic
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
CVIV.KARM.20.13.07 – List the pros and cons of resolving cases through the
process of restorative justice.
KEYWORDS:
Evaluate
DATE CREATED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM
DATE MODIFIED:
1/21/2019 9:38 AM