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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
1. The primary goal or objective of the police should be to arrest all offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Police are free or have the ability to ignore crimes or to exercise discretion regarding them, even when the crime is
serious.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The growing popularity of less-than-lethal weapons (LTLW) by police officers in the United States virtually ensures
their increased use in the law enforcement community.
a.
True
b.
False
4. The police themselves emphasize their role as crime fighters and play down their job as peacekeepers and social service
providers.
a.
True
b.
False
5. In most cases where stops were made, the behavior of the suspect was what concerned the officer.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Most of what happens in the U.S. criminal justice system happens without the use of discretion by the police.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Minority groups allege they are the victims of race-based policing due the NYPD stop-and-frisk policies.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Officers have broad discretion on whether to arrest or not to arrest in domestic violence cases.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The police officer is generally the first decision maker in the U.S. criminal justice system and is often the most
important.
a.
True
b.
False
10. The entire criminal justice system is based on the concept of discretion.
a.
True
b.
False
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11. The police role is extremely well defined and contains little ambiguity.
a.
True
b.
False
12. The “broken windows” theory suggests it is appropriate to allow a neighborhood to deteriorate if the neighborhood
will not participate in its upkeep.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Movies and television shows about the police emphasize the police crime-fighting role.
a.
True
b.
False
14. An officer’s discretion varies depending on the type of situation he or she encounters.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Two studies indicate that people who engage in violent crime or who engage the police in violent confrontations are
much more likely to be the victims of police shootings.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Elaine Cumming and her colleagues reported that the ordinary work routines of police officers include mostly law
enforcement activities and very few other activities.
a.
True
b.
False
17. The “defense of life” standard allowed police officers to use deadly force against people who were using deadly force
against an officer or another person.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Police generally have much less discretion than other officials in the criminal justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Gender does not play an important role in the use of force incidents by police officers.
a.
True
b.
False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
20. Which of the following is not one of the major factors Herbert Jacob says causes the police to exercise
discretion?
a.
Department policies
b.
Characteristics of the crime
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c.
Relationship between alleged criminal and victim or between police and criminal or victim
d.
Geographic area of the crime
21. In 1985, the fleeing felon rule was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark
case of ___________.
a.
Mapp v. Ohio
b.
Lawrence v. Texas
c.
Tennessee v. Garner
d.
Terry v. Ohio
22. Which of the following is not one of Broderick’s police operational styles?
a.
Enforcers
b.
Dreamers
c.
Realists
d.
Optimists
23. Choke holds, carotid holds, and neck restraints became a source of controversy after _____.
a.
several lawsuits
b.
some deaths
c.
further study
d.
changes in law enforcement policies
24. According to the text, one way of controlling discretion, particularly improper application of discretion, is
the establishment of _____________.
a.
strong policies
b.
employee early warning systems
c.
citizen review boards
d.
active reporting systems
25. Which of the following is not one of the factors that may influence police discretion as indicated by research
findings?
a.
Time of day
b.
The offense
c.
Subject’s attitude
d.
Subject’s race
26. Which of the following is not one of the reasons police exercise discretion?
a.
If the police enforced all the laws, all the time, they would be in the station house or court much of
their time.
b.
Complete enforcement would alienate the public from the police.
c.
Most violations of law are minor and do not require full enforcement.
d.
The police want to show they have a caring attitude toward the community.
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27. Studies of police discretion have shown that the most significant factor in the decision to arrest is the
___________.
a.
location of the offense
b.
officer–offender relationship
c.
seriousness of the offense committed
d.
offender’s past criminal history
28. The Smalltown Police Department uses social service agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders.
According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.
a.
watchman
b.
legalistic
c.
moralistic
d.
service
29. In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the ____________________
rule unconstitutional.
a.
fleeing felon
b.
consent search
c.
detention
d.
stop and frisk
30. Egon Bittner has stated that police work has, from its earliest origins, been a _______.
a.
religious vocation
b.
respected profession
c.
feared occupation
d.
tainted occupation
31. In the 1970s, the American Law Institute proposed a(n) ____________________, which included new
policies on the use of deadly force.
a.
administrative rule
b.
National Bill of Police Rights
c.
legislative bill
d.
Model Penal Code
32. Police officers have ____________________ discretion.
a.
little
b.
tremendous
c.
limited
d.
no
33. Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson’s operating styles?
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a.
Watchman
b.
Legalistic
c.
Service
d.
Aggressive
34. Robert Lilly’s research concluded that the majority of police calls are in reference to __________.
a.
burglaries
b.
thefts
c.
information
d.
social services
35. Officer Green believes that it is impossible to achieve the goals and objectives of the police department and
concentrates his efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of his fellow officers. According
to Broderick, he would be considered a(n) _________.
a.
realist
b.
optimist
c.
enforcer
d.
idealist
36. Most police patrol time is spent ___________.
a.
as uncommitted time
b.
as committed time
c.
responding to calls for service
d.
responding to dispatch
37. The Magic City Police Department maintains order through informal police intervention, including
persuasion and threats, or hassling or roughing up disruptive people instead of formal arrests. According to
James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.
a.
watchman
b.
legalistic
c.
moralistic
d.
service
38. Officer White concentrates her efforts on helping people in trouble, rather than on keeping society safe.
According to Broderick, she would be considered a(n) _____________.
a.
realist
b.
optimist
c.
enforcer
d.
idealist
39. According to the text, the legality and morality of the “fleeing felon” rule have been challenged because of
the U.S. legal concept of ____________.
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a.
presumption of innocence
b.
fundamental fairness
c.
cruel and unusual punishment
d.
application of equality
40. The police make approximately ____________________ million arrests a year for all criminal infractions,
excluding traffic violations.
a.
3.3
b.
10.16
c.
12.4
d.
13.12
41. The ____________________ standard allows police officers to use deadly force against people who are
using deadly force against an officer or another person, as well as in certain violent felony situations.
a.
castle exception
b.
defense of property
c.
defense of life
d.
defense of community
42. Most police contacts involve ___________.
a.
motor vehicle or traffic-related issues
b.
family violence
c.
arrests of offenders
d.
testifying in court
43. Based on 2015 statistics, approximately ____________________ people were killed justifiably by police in
a four-year period.
a.
290
b.
439
c.
1,322
d.
8,227
44. Statistics clearly indicate that police officers ___________.
a.
overuse force
b.
do not overuse force
c.
overuse threats
d.
display their weapons too often
45. Sheehan and Cordner state that the two primary goals and objectives of police departments are
____________.
a.
maintaining order and protecting life and property
b.
preventing crime and arresting offenders
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c.
preventing crime and maintaining order
d.
protecting life and property and preventing crime
46. Officer Brown believes his role is keeping the peace and preserving the social order, yet he is very careful
not to violate the constitutional rights of individuals. According to Broderick, he would be considered a(n)
____________.
a.
realist
b.
optimist
c.
enforcer
d.
idealist
47. Of the following, the police make more arrests for ____________________ crimes than for the other types.
a.
violent
b.
property
c.
financial
d.
quality-of-life
48. Officer Smith believes her role is to maintain order on her beat by arresting criminals. According to
Broderick, she would be considered a(n) ____________.
a.
realist
b.
optimist
c.
enforcer
d.
idealist
49. The Humortown Police Department issues many summonses and makes many misdemeanor arrests.
According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.
a.
watchman
b.
legalistic
c.
moralistic
d.
service
50. The first decision maker in the criminal justice system and often the most important is the _________.
a.
judge
b.
defense attorney
c.
police officer
d.
prosecutor
51. The police role is ____________.
a.
very ambiguous
b.
very clearly defined
c.
mainly related to violent crime
d.
mainly related to arresting offenders
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52. According to the text, the police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of ____________.
a.
safety and security
b.
community involvement
c.
omniscience
d.
omnipresence
53. Which of the following is part of the federal government’s imminent danger standard for use of deadly
force?
a.
Firing warning shots
b.
Shooting at moving vehicles
c.
Prisoner attempting escape who was being held in a high-security prison
d.
Nonfatally shooting a suspect in the leg
54. Which of the following is incorrect?
a.
The police make more arrests for minor violations than serious crime.
b.
The police make more arrests for drug offenses than they do for driving while intoxicated
(DWI/DUI)
c.
The police make more arrests for aggravated or felony assault than they do for misdemeanor assault.
d.
Violations of liquor laws, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and loitering are responsible
for approximately 1.72 million arrests a year.
Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.
55. Ninety-six percent of local police departments have turned to the use of __________ in an attempt to reduce the use of
deadly force.
56. After making a traffic stop, the most influential characteristics leading to a suspect’s arrest were whether the suspect
was_____________________.
57. Arresting offenders and assisting prosecutors in bringing charges against defendants is one of the primary methods
used by police to maintain order and protect __________and __________.
58. Wilson and Kelling’s ___________________ theory suggests if an area of the community is allowed to deteriorate
without some remedy, crime will increase.
59. The federal government has redefined its deadly force policy used by federal agents and has adopted the __________
standard.
60. Carl B. Klockars, in Idea of Police, broadly defines the basic function of the police as dealing with all those problems
that may require the use of __________.
61. During the 1970s, many police departments developed an alternative to the fleeing felon doctrine; it was called the
__________.
62. The U.S. system of criminal justice is interested in the __________, in addition to the letter of the law.
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63. Most police departments now train their officers in the use of force using the __________.
64. The availability of a choice of options or actions one can take in a situation is called __________.
65. The police try to create a sense that they are always there. This is called __________.
66. In 1985, the U.S. Supreme Court dealt with police use of deadly force, declaring the __________unconstitutional.
67. Compare and contrast each of James Q. Wilson’s police department operational styles. Which operational style should
the police emphasize and why?
68. Explain how the Ferguson shooting and the Black Lives Matter movement have affected police behavior.
69. List and explain each of Broderick’s styles, including how these styles relate to main police objectives of crime
fighting and order maintenance.
70. List the primary and secondary goals of policing and give an example of how the police work toward each goal.
71. Discuss the major police roles, including how the public views the police role and how studies show police spend their
time.
72. Explain why the U.S. criminal justice system involves a tremendous amount of discretion and give examples of how
that discretion is exercised throughout the system.
73. Discuss the impact of Tennessee v. Garner on law enforcement. How would you have decided this case and why?
74. Wilson and Weiss recommended approaches to workforce levels for small police departments. Would their
recommendations work for larger departments as well? Why or why not?
75. Explain how the terrorist attacks on 9/11 affected the role of the police.
76. What is police discretion? Discuss and give examples of some of the ways police exercise discretion.
77. Is racial discrimination a factor in the police use of deadly force? Use study results to support your answer.
78. Explain why the CALEA standards are important and how they relate to the concept of noble cause corruption.
79. Should police officers be required to wear body cameras? Why or why not?
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52. d
53. c
54. c
55. chemical sprays/less-than-lethal weapons
56. under the influence of alcohol or drugs
57. life, property
property, life
58. broken windows
59. imminent danger
60. coercive force
61. defense of life standard
62. spirit of the law
63. use-of-force continuum
64. discretion
65. omnipresence
66. fleeing felon rule
67. Student responses will vary.
68. Student responses will vary.
69. Student responses will vary.
70. Student responses will vary.
71. Student responses will vary.
72. Student responses will vary.
73. Student responses will vary.
74. Student responses will vary.
75. Student responses will vary.
76. Student responses will vary.
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77. Student responses will vary.
78. Student responses will vary.
79. Student responses will vary.