True / False
1. The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact.
a. True
b. False
2. According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well–adjusted person to commit crime.
a. True
b. False
3. The “Twinkie defense” brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial
behavior.
a. True
b. False
4. Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of the male sex hormones or androgens produce aggressive
behavior.
a. True
b. False
5. An overwhelming majority of females who experience anxiety and hostility before and during menstruation engage in
violent criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
6. Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality.
a. True
b. False
7. According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent
behavior patterns.
a. True
b. False
8. There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins, than between criminal behavior and fraternal
twins.
a. True
b. False
9. There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels.
a. True
b. False
10. Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the
long process of human evolutions.
a. True
b. False
11. According to Freud’s version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and
the ego
a. True
b. False
12. Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.
a. True
b. False
13. Psychopaths are the product of a destructive home environment.
a. True
b. False
14. Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low
intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
15. Police are more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illusion that they are crime-prone.
a. True
b. False
16. Behaviorists view aggression as an inherited behavior.
a. True
b. False
17. Both extroverts and introverts are at risk for antisocial behaviors.
a. True
b. False
18. Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behaviors of child abusers.
a. True
b. False
19. The research on biochemical theories focuses on twin and sibling behavior.
a. True
b. False
20. The male hormone testosterone is linked to criminality.
a. True
b. False
Multiple Choice
21. reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits.
a. Rational choice b. Trait theory
c. Social structure theory d. Labeling theory
22. Socio-biologists view all EXCEPT which one of the following factors as being mutually interdependent?
a. biology b. environment
c. learning d. ecology
23. Biological explanations of crime reemerged in the early
O. Wilson.
a. 1950s b. 1970s
c. 1980s d. 1990s
with the publication of Sociobiology by Edmond
24. Diet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the perspective.
a. biochemical b. neurophysiological
c. genetic d. evolutionary
25. Which of the following is NOT considered to contribute to a healthy diet and, thus, good mental health and well-
adjusted behavior patterns?
a. polyunsaturated fatty acids b. minerals
c. vitamins d. heavy metals such as lead and mercury
26. Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, known as
aggressive behavior.
a. antigens b. androgens
c. estrogens d. peptides
27. , the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality.
a. Testosterone b. Estrogen
c. Serotonin d. Monoamine
, do in fact produce
28. According to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between and elevated levels of female aggression.
a. diet b. divorce
c. menstruation d. pregnancy
29. Locations with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of
a. suicide b. ADHD
c. mercury d. homicide
30. What is the study of brain activity?
a. psychology b. neurophysiological
c. pathology d. evolutionary criminology
31. Brain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest which of the following statements is true?
a. All criminals have low levels of testosterone.
b. Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe.
c. Female inmates show lower levels of synopsis activity than men.
d. Latinos have higher rates of androgens in the cerebral cortex than non-Latinos.
32. Many ADHD children also suffer from
childhood.
a. conduct disorder. b. schizophrenia.
c. hypoglycemia. d. behavior modeling
and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in
33. Evidence exists that indicates abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds called
associated with violent behavior.
a. electrolytes b. chemical “straightjackets”
c. chemical restraints d. neurotransmitters
are
34. According to , for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, people’s brains function differently
in response to environmental stimuli.
a. excitement theory b. arousal theory
c. danger theory d. stimuli theory
35. If criminal fathers produce criminal sons who produce criminal grandchildren, then crime can be said to be
a. intraracial. b. interracial.
c. interbiological. d. intergenerational.
36. In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child’s criminal behavior?
a. a criminal biological mother b. a criminal adoptive mother
c. a criminal biological father d. a criminal adoptive grandfather
37. Studies conducted on twin behavior have detected a significant relationship between the criminal activities of
twins.
a. AZ b. DZ
c. MZ d. QZ
38. Genetic theory holds that criminality–producing traits are
a. passed from generation to generation.
b. passed from fathers to sons but not fathers to daughters.
c. passed on from mothers to sons but not mothers to daughters.
d. passed from one generation but then skips the next generation.
39. Which perspective bests supports the fact that human history has been marked by war, violence and aggression?
a. biochemical b. neurophysiological
c. genetic d. evolutionary
40. A significant criticism of biosocial theory has been
a. that it is the product of flawed methodology.
b. that it is based on outdated research.
c. that it is racist.
d. that it fails to explain gender differences in the crime rate.
41. was the forerunner of modern learning theorists who believed that people learn from one another
through imitation.
a. Albert Bandura b. Charles Goring
c. Gabriel Tarde d. Sigmund Freud
42. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the develops as a result of incorporating within the
personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others.
a. id b. ego
c. superego d. conscience
43. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed
psychological theory ever since.
a. neurological b. biosocial
c. generational d. psychodynamic
psychology that has remained a prominent segment of
44. is the branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology.
a. Cognitive theory b. Social learning theory
c. Information–processing theory d. Nurture theory
45. Social learning theory holds that
a. people are born with aggressive tendencies.
b. people hold aggressive mental scripts in their subconscious.
c. people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences.
d. people have chemical needs that require violence for stimulation.
46. Which of the following is NOT one of the three principle sources of behavior modeling?
a. genetic predispositions b. family interactions
c. environmental experiences d. mass media
47. is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes – how people perceive and mentally
represent the world around them.
a. Neurophysiological theory b. Cognitive theory
c. Biosocial theory d. Evolutionary theory
48. What do we know about psychopaths and crime?
a. Psychopaths comprise 65 percent of U.S. prison inmates.
b. Psychopaths tend to continue their criminal careers long after other offenders age out of crime.
c. Psychopaths are no more likely to reoffend within a year of release than other offenders.
d. Psychopaths who reoffend are more likely to reoffend in nonviolent ways.
49. What research finding counters criminologists who claim that only low-IQ criminals get caught?
a. Adolescents with low IQs are more likely to commit crime.
b. There is little difference in the IQ scores of self-reported and official criminals.
c. Low IQs equally prevail in offenders receiving prison sentences or probation.
d. Violent criminals have high IQs.
50. What is known about mental disorders and crime?
a. It is possible that the link between mental illness and crime is spurious and caused by some other factor.
b. Mentally ill offenders are more likely to have low recidivism rates than non-mentally ill offenders.
c. Research suggests that people who suffer from mental illness seem to be less anti-social than members of the
general population.
d. Males offenders seem to have more serious mental health disorders than do female offenders.
51. The major premise of the evolutionary theory is that:
a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make aggressive and
predisposed to commit crime.
b. criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children.
c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.
d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies.
52. The major premise of the biochemical theory is that:
a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make aggressive and
predisposed to commit crime.
b. criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children.
c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.
d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies.
53. The major premise of the neurological theory is that:
a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make aggressive and
predisposed to commit crime.
b. criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children.
c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.
d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies.
54. The major premise of the genetic theory is that:
a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make aggressive and
predisposed to commit crime.
b. criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children.
c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.
d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies.
55. According to the evolutionary theory, over the history of the human species
greatest impact on the gene pool.
a. aggressive b. intelligent
c. introverted d. mentally ill
males have had the
At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was
not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was
convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year
prison sentence.
56. Which biosocial theory would promote that research be done to see if the boys will be delinquent like their
father?
a. biochemical b. neurological
c. genetic d. evolutionary
57. Which factor presented in the scenario would be the best indicator that the boys would engage in criminal
behavior?
a. that their adopted mother is criminal
b. that their biological father is criminal
c. that their biological mother ends up committing crime after the boys are adopted
d. that their adopted parents are over 40 years old
58. There are different types of twins. The boys are most likely twins if is determined that they are
very close in such crime-relevant measures as level of aggression and verbal skills.
a. dizygotic
b. dualgotic
c. monozygotic
d. polygotic
59. The boys end up being adopted by different families. Tom, the brother who lives in the large city is diagnosed
with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tests were done and it was discovered that the level of
in his blood was twice the levels found in the general population. The doctors are convinced
this is the cause of his disorder.
a. amino acids b. glucose
c. mercury d. neurotransmitters
60. After twenty years the boys are contacted by a researcher who is conducting a study on twins separated at
birth and adopted by different families. John finds it difficult to sustain relationships because he was not
provided the support and care that he needed by his adopted mother as an infant? Which theory would best
explain John’s predicament?
a. attachment theory b. behavior theory
c. information processing theory d. nature theory
Michael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael’s acting out consisted of
disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the
neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol.
61. Michael was consistently uncooperative with his parents. He was hostile to all authority figures including
teachers and police officers. He would frequently lose his temper and blame everyone else for his
misbehavior. What mental disorder was most likely the appropriate diagnosis for Michael?
a. bipolar disorder b. mood disorder
c. oppositional disorder d. schizophrenia
62. Michael is now twenty years old and a court ordered psychologist has diagnosed Michael with schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a type of disorder.
a. depressive b. personality
c. psychotic d. mood
63. If Michael were to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder what would be a likely symptom?
a. hearing nonexistent voices b. seeing hallucinations
c. exhibiting inappropriate responses d. alternating moods
64. Michael’s family checks Michael into a three month residential treatment center that treats individuals with
mental health issues and drug addiction. The treatment Michael receives is considered a
.
a. primary prevention program b. secondary prevention program
c. adjudicatory prevention program d. alternative sentencing program
ANSWER: a
65. Michael was arrested and charged with possession of narcotics and aggravated battery. Michael was offered a
plea deal of 5 years of probation with a condition that he participates in drug treatment and psychological
counseling. When attendance in these programs is a requirement of a probation order they are considered
.
a. primary prevention programs b. secondary prevention programs
c. adjudicatory prevention programs d. alternative sentencing programs
Completion
66. Proponents of the
theory, argued that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low
intelligence is linked to criminal behavior.
67. Proponents of the theory argue that environmental stimulation from parents, relatives, and peer
groups accounts for a child‘s IQ level.
ANSWER: nurture REFERENCES:
68. Children with
behavior toward authority figures. experience an ongoing pattern of uncooperative and hostile
69. is a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing hallucinations, and exhibiting
inappropriate responses.
70. Programs that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crimes are referred to as
___________________.
71. twins are fraternal twins who only have half their genes in common and thus share fewer
commonalities when it comes to criminal behavior.
72. According to the psychodynamic theory, the
unconscious biological drives.
is the primitive part of people‘s mental makeup and represents
73. The is the part of the personality that helps the individual keep his or her actions within the
boundaries of social convention.
74. The is the reasonably stable patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another.
75.
the species. is the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve
76. Discuss the basic assumptions of contemporary trait theorists. Explain why trait theorists have gained recent
prominence.
77. Discuss the relationship between hormonal changes and mood and behavior.
78. Explain how chemical compounds, called neurotransmitters, are associated with aggression and other anti-social
behaviors.
79. Discuss what research indicates about parental deviance, twin behavior, and adoption studies.
80. Explain the links between evolution, gender, and crime.
81. Discuss attachment theory and how failure to develop proper attachment is associated with crime.
ANSWER: Answers will vary.
82. Identify and discuss the four factors that social learning theorists suggest contribute to violent or aggressive behavior.
84. Why is the association between IQ/intelligence and crime so controversial?
85. Identify and discuss the mental disorders and diseases that are associated with crime. How persuasive is the
association between mental disorders and why?
ANSWER: Answers will vary.