Unlock document.
This document is partially blurred.
Unlock all pages and 1 million more documents.
Get Access
60. Federal sentencing guidelines punish users of crack cocaine about 100 times more harshly than users of powder
cocaine. This fact reflects which of the textbook’s explanations for racial disparities?
a.
Racial insensitivity and unequal treatment in society can shape criminal justice policy.
b.
Crack cocaine is more harmful to society than powder cocaine.
c.
Few people are arrested for using powder cocaine.
d.
The effects of powder cocaine are not as strong as those of crack cocaine.
61. A document charging an individual with a specific crime, which is prepared by a prosecuting attorney and presented to
a court at a preliminary hearing, is a(n)
a.
indictment.
b.
information.
c.
arraignment.
d.
warrant.
62. A(n) _________ is returned by a grand jury as a true bill charging an individual with a specific crime on the basis of a
determination of probable cause.
a.
information
b.
arrest
c.
warrant
d.
indictment
63. The criminal justice system is designed to control crime by arresting, prosecuting, convicting, and _______ those who
disobey the law.
a.
punishing
b.
sentencing
c.
incarcerating
d.
instructing
64. The ______ is better able than any state agency to pursue criminal investigations across state borders.
a.
U.S. Marshal
b.
Secret Service
c.
FBI
d.
Homeland Security Department
65. To achieve the goals of criminal justice, many kinds of organizations—such as police, prosecution, _______, and
corrections—have been formed.
a.
courts
b.
defense
c.
bail bonds
d.
magistrate
66. Which of the following is not a major duty of law enforcement agencies?
a.
Keeping the peace
b.
Preventing crime
c.
Providing social services
d.
Providing probation services
Ly’ana is an FBI agent who has recently been called to a local police department to assist in investigating a theft of
approximately $50,000. Ly’ana assisted the local department in solving the particular case and is preparing to go to court
when the prosecutor determines that the defense attorney has offered a plea bargain. The defendant admits guilt and is
willing to serve 18 months in prison.
67. Ly’ana represents the federal law enforcement role. Which act, passed by Congress, allows Ly’ana to assist the local
police department in the theft investigation?
a.
Commission on Law Enforcement Act
b.
Homeland Security Act
c.
National Stolen Property Act
d.
Transportation Security Act
68. Both the prosecution and defense agreed to an exchange relationship in theft case. Which of the following represents
that exchange?
a.
sequential task
b.
filtering process
c.
discretion
d.
plea bargain
69. The offender in the theft case agreed to an 18-month prison sentence. The offender is part of what percentage of
convicted felons in prison/jail for theft?
a.
20%
b.
30%
c.
40%
d.
50%
70. Ly’ana was allowed to assist local law enforcement due to a law passed by
a.
the U.S. president.
b.
Congress.
c.
the local mayor.
d.
the governor.
71. Which of the following is not a reason for the expansion of the federal government?
a.
the internationalization of crime
b.
the creation of the Department of Homeland Security
c.
the terrorist attacks of 9/11
d.
lack of effective local law enforcement
Ethan was arrested for public drunkenness and lewd and lascivious behavior after attending his close friend’s bachelor
party. This is his first encounter with the criminal justice system. He works as a project manager with a local
construction company. Ethan has been involved with his girlfriend for 3 years. His attorney reached an agreement with
72. In the “wedding cake” model of criminal justice, which layer would Ethan’s case fall into?
a.
Layer 1
b.
Layer 2
c.
Layer 3
d.
Layer 4
73. Ethan was arrested for public drunkenness and lewd and lascivious behavior. In order for this arrest to occur, the
officer had to have
a.
probable cause.
b.
reasonable suspicion.
c.
clear and convincing evidence.
d.
reasonable doubt.
74. Ethan’s attorney and the prosecutor were able to work out an agreement on the expectation of a guilty plea. This
agreement is also known as a
a.
system.
b.
task.
c.
plea bargain.
d.
filtering system.
75. Ethan agrees to a sentence of 18 months probation. His sentence will be served under what agency of the criminal
justice system?
a.
law enforcement
b.
courts
c.
corrections
d.
deferred prosecution
76. The fact that Ethan was arrested at all is an example of the justice system's use of
a.
system analysis.
b.
tasking.
c.
discretion
d.
resource allocation.
Christian is a 20-year-old African American male. He plays football for a Division I college and has a 4.0 GPA. Christian
hopes to enter dental school at the completion of his undergraduate studies. Walking home late at night from the gym,
campus security comes up behind him and demands to know what he is doing. Christian states that he is on his way back
to his dorm. Campus security places him in handcuffs and says that he is under arrest for breaking and entering due to a
recent report of a break-in with a suspect matching his description. Christian does not resist this arrest and hopes he can
clarify the facts once they are at the station.
77. Christian was most likely approached by security based upon his skin color. This would be a case of
a.
disparity.
b.
discrimination.
c.
racial profiling.
d.
racism.
78. Unfortunately, African American males are often treated differently by the criminal justice system. In Christian’s
case, his arrest would be considered
a.
racism.
b.
racial profiling.
c.
discrimination.
d.
a disparity.
79. This case may be seen as an example of the criminal justice system failing in which aspect?
a.
racism.
b.
racial profiling.
c.
discrimination.
d.
equal treatment
80. According to Cole and Smith, deterrence and increasing use of technology is associated with which goal of the
criminal justice system?
a.
Doing justice
b.
Controlling crime
c.
Preventing crime
d.
Increasing crime
81. Created in 2002, which of the following this bureaucracies has greatly expanded the federal reach?
a.
U.S. Marshal
b.
Secret Service
c.
FBI
d.
Homeland Security Department
82. Misdemeanors are the characteristic of which layer of the criminal justice system?
a.
Layer 1
b.
Layer 2
c.
Layer 3
d.
Layer 4
83. Which layer of the criminal justice system consists of lesser felonies which are considered less important than
more serious felonies?
a.
Layer 1
b.
Layer 2
c.
Layer 3
d.
Layer 4
84. A(n) _________ is the physical detention of a suspect.
a.
information
b.
arrest
c.
warrant
d.
indictment
85. The three major goals of the three components (police, courts, and corrections) of the American criminal justice
system are _________________________.
86. The criminal justice system is designed to control crime by arresting, prosecuting, convicting, and punishing those
who disobey the ____________________.
87. The U.S. Constitution gives specific powers to the ____________________ government.
88. Most criminal cases are heard in ____________________ court.
89. The mutual transfer of resources is called ____________________.
90. If an official acts according to his or her own judgment in the criminal justice system, this is called
____________________.
91. The criminal justice process may be viewed as a(n) ____________________ process through which cases are
screened.
92. The separate judicial structure for each state in addition to a national structure creates a(n) ____________________
system.
93. If a person is taken into custody, this is called a(n) ____________________.
94. The procedure by which an administrative record is made of the arrest is called a(n) ____________________.
95. The few celebrated cases are at Layer ____________________ of the criminal justice “wedding cake.”
96. Disorderly conduct is an example of a crime which would be found at Layer ____________________ of the criminal
justice “wedding cake.”
97. Most crime in America is ____________________-racial.
98. Differential treatment based on race is called ____________________.
99. ____________________ occurs when police officers disproportionately stop people of color more than whites.
100. At the _________ the suspect is brought before a judge and is given formal notice of the charge(s) for which he or
she is being held, advised of his or her rights, and, if approved by the judge, given a chance to post bail.
101. ________ is the unequal treatment of members of one demographic group by the criminal justice system, compared
with treatment accorded to members of other groups.
102. A(n) ________ occurs when the defense attorney and the prosecutor reach an agreement: The defendant agrees to
plead guilty in exchange for a reduction of charges or a lighter sentence.
103. Courts are responsible for ________,or determining whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.
104. ______ and parole have long been important aspects of corrections, as have community-based halfway houses, work
release programs, and supervised activities.
105. Though the Constitution gives specific powers to the federal government, the vast majority of laws are written
by____ legislatures.
106. Explain Cole and Smith’s use of the concepts of system and exchange to describe the criminal justice system. Is this
a useful way to view criminal justice? Why or why not?
107. Cole and Smith provide three explanations for why minorities are subjected to the criminal justice system at much
higher rates than the white majority. Briefly summarize one of these three explanations and discuss its strengths and
weaknesses.
108. Imagine you are a legislator in your home state. What policy might you suggest for reducing racism in the criminal
justice system?
109. Explain how recent high-profile cases may suggest or refute racial disparity within the criminal justice system.
110. What impact does the federal budget have on the FBI?
111. Explain how law enforcement, courts, and corrections work together to form the criminal justice system. Explain the
duties of each subsystem.
112. List and describe the 13 steps in the decision-making process.
113. Explain why discretion is such an important component of the criminal justice system. Could the American criminal
justice system exist without discretion? Why or why not?
114. Explain how plea bargaining is an exchange within the criminal justice system.
115. Explain the layers of the criminal justice “wedding cake.”
116. Determine and explain what constitutes racial profiling. Give three examples of racial profiling.
117. Explain why African American men have a difficult time in the criminal justice system.
118. Describe the goals of the criminal justice system.
119. Discuss the different responsibilities of federal and state criminal justice operations.
