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CHAPTER 03: Adulthood and Autonomy
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1. The __________ emphasizes the importance of pursuing growth-fostering relationships in our lives.
a.
relational-cultural theory
b.
transactional analysis theory
c.
A-B-C theory of personality
d.
cognitive therapy
ANSWER:
a
2. Transactional analysis is a theory of personality and a method of counseling that was originally developed by
a.
Albert Ellis.
b.
Carl Jung.
c.
Eric Berne.
d.
McGoldrick and Carter.
ANSWER:
c
3. ____________ is grounded on the assumption that we make current decisions based on past premises that were
appropriate at one time but may no longer be valid.
a.
Freud’s psychosexual theory of development
b.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development
c.
Transactional analysis
d.
Jung’s theory of personality development
ANSWER:
c
4. The life script, or plan for one’s life, is an important contribution of transactional analysis and is made up of
a.
a combination of cultural messages, parental teaching, and the early decisions we made as children.
b.
injunctions that cannot be changed once they are formed.
c.
genetic predisposition and psychological conditioning.
d.
transactions and parental interactions.
ANSWER:
a
5. __________ creates a bias that significantly interferes with growth-fostering relationships.
a.
Self-instructional training
b.
Self-in-context
c.
Self-in-relation
d.
Sexism
ANSWER:
d
6. To be able to form connections with others, you first need:
a.
some personal knowledge and a semi-mature sense of yourself.
b.
a separate self.
c.
self-knowledge and a mature sense of yourself.
d.
to do your own thing.
ANSWER:
c
7. Practitioners of transactional analysis would say that your life scripts were largely formed by your
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CHAPTER 03: Adulthood and Autonomy
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_______________ experiences.
a.
educational and recreational
b.
family and cultural
c.
oedipal and pre-oedipal
d.
religious and educational
ANSWER:
b
8. According to transactional analysis, early messages that we pick up from our parents are called
a.
conjunctions.
b.
life scripts.
c.
injunctions.
d.
redecisions.
ANSWER:
c
9. When children hear and accept the parental injunction “Don’t make mistakes,” they may
a.
equate making mistakes with being a failure.
b.
believe that they are not important.
c.
accept the message not to seek success.
d.
play down any accomplishments.
ANSWER:
a
10. When adults focus on taking care of others at the expense of their own needs and have trouble having fun, they may
have received the following parental message:
a.
“Don’t be important.”
b.
“Don’t be a child.”
c.
“Don’t make mistakes.”
d.
“Don’t be you.”
ANSWER:
b
11. The parental message that suggests to the child that he or she is the wrong sex, shape, size, or color, or has ideas or
feelings that are unacceptable to parental figures, is
a.
“Don’t belong.”
b.
“Don’t be you.”
c.
“Don’t be close.”
d.
“Don’t be a child.”
ANSWER:
b
12. Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with the feminist approach?
a.
connection
b.
disconnection
c.
mutual empathy and mutual empowerment
d.
life scripts
ANSWER:
d
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13. You have the ability to rewrite your __________, so it is a better fit with your adult self.
a.
self-in-relation
b.
self-in-context
c.
life script
d.
empathy
ANSWER:
c
14. __________ is a way clients can become aware of their negative self-talk and change the stories they tell about
themselves.
a.
Homework
b.
Self-instructional training
c.
Mindfulness
d.
Transactional analysis training
ANSWER:
b
15. Rational emotive behavior therapy and other cognitive-behavioral therapies are based on the premise that emotional
and behavioral problems are:
a.
originally learned from significant others during childhood.
b.
a result of childhood trauma.
c.
a natural consequence of the human condition.
d.
rooted in unconscious fears.
ANSWER:
a
16. According to the self-in-context view, the major goals during __________ are being able to engage in intimate
relationships and finding satisfying work.
a.
early adulthood
b.
middle adulthood
c.
late middle age
d.
late adulthood
ANSWER:
a
17. _______ was the developer of rational emotive behavior therapy.
a.
Abraham Maslow
b.
Eric Berne
c.
Albert Ellis
d.
Carl Rogers
ANSWER:
c
18. According to practitioners of rational emotive behavior therapy, our emotional upsets are
a.
caused by traumatic events in life.
b.
caused by rejection from those we love.
c.
caused by regression into childhood behavior.
d.
the result of our faulty thinking.
ANSWER:
d
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19. Rational emotive behavior therapy’s basic hypothesis is that our emotions are mainly created from our:
a.
early childhood survival roles.
b.
beliefs.
c.
faulty injunctions.
d.
actual life events that upset us.
ANSWER:
b
20. The systematic errors in reasoning that lead to misconceptions and faulty assumptions are called:
a.
injunctions.
b.
irrational beliefs.
c.
life scripts
d.
cognitive distortions.
ANSWER:
d
21. The attitudes and beliefs we have about ourselves and others are a direct result of things we learned from our parents
or parental substitutes. The willingness to question and challenge the _______ we have internalized is one of the
hallmarks of maturity.
a.
authority figure
b.
inner child
c.
critical voices
d.
authoritative parent
ANSWER:
c
22. The term “inner parent” refers to the
a.
attitudes and beliefs we hold that we’ve learned from our parents.
b.
values we choose for ourselves, which may differ from our parents’ values.
c.
type of parent we wished we had when we were children.
d.
parental values we pass on to our children.
ANSWER:
a
23. When challenging the early childhood messages that have influenced our lives, it is important to
a.
recognize that many of the qualities we incorporated from our parents may be healthy standards for
guiding our behavior.
b.
passively accept as truth the messages we learned when we were children.
c.
blame our parents for the psychological pain we suffer.
d.
expect our parents to be different from who they are and wait for their approval.
ANSWER:
a
24. The __________ is our inner voice that criticizes us and makes constant judgments about our worth.
a.
inner parent
b.
authoritative parent
c.
inner critic
d.
Authority figure
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ANSWER:
c
25. What is the process called that involves becoming increasingly observant and aware of external and internal stimuli in
the present moment and adopting an open attitude of accepting what is rather than judging the present situation?
a.
self-care
b.
congruence
c.
hyperawareness
d.
mindfulness
ANSWER:
d
26. People moving in the direction of autonomy
a.
find themselves in isolation and are not bound up with the quality of their relationships with others.
b.
have a desire to become both free and responsible and to do for themselves what they are capable of doing.
c.
are able to “do their own thing” irrespective of the impact of those actions on others.
d.
seek answers primarily outside themselves, looking for what others expect of them and seeking their approval.
ANSWER:
d
27. During elderhood, __________ is influenced by how we have lived our lives up to now, and by our values and state of
mind, as much as by the actual years lived.
a.
value
b.
early decision
c.
vitality
d.
health
ANSWER:
c
28. __________ involves sharing, giving of ourselves, relating to another out of strength and a desire to grow with the
other person, and knowing ourselves well enough to be able to share ourselves with others.
a.
Identity
b.
Tolerance
c.
Trust
d.
Intimacy
ANSWER:
d
29. When Andre did not receive the highest grade in the class (he actually earned a B+), he immediately thought of
himself as a failure and as the worst student. Andre was committing which of the following cognitive errors?
a.
dichotomous thinking
b.
selective abstraction
c.
overgeneralization
d.
personalization
ANSWER:
a
30. __________ prejudice in the United States is one of the most institutionalized and socially condoned forms of
prejudice.
a.
Financial status
b.
Race
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c.
Color
d.
Age
ANSWER:
d
31. The period in life when we reach the top of the mountain and become aware that we must begin the downhill journey
is
a.
early adulthood.
b.
middle adulthood.
c.
later adulthood.
d.
not associated with any adulthood period of life.
ANSWER:
b
32. Which of the following statements is NOT true with regard to aging?
a.
Being involved with family and friends is one contributing factor to leading a long andrewarding life.
b.
There is a formula for growing old with grace and dignity.
c.
Being interested in doing good for others is associated with leading a long and full life.
d.
Regular physical exercise contributes to overall good health for older adults.
ANSWER:
b
33. For Erikson, the stimulus for continued growth in middle age is the core struggle of
a.
intimacy vs. isolation.
b.
identity vs. identity confusion.
c.
generativity vs. stagnation.
d.
integrity vs. despair.
ANSWER:
c
34. Angela is a middle-aged woman who is a devoted parent. She is also able to balance her life with a creative career,
leisure-time activities, and meaningful volunteer work. According to Erikson, Angela has successfully resolved the
following psychosocial struggle:
a.
generativity vs. stagnation.
b.
integrity vs. despair.
c.
intimacy vs. isolation.
d.
identity vs. role confusion.
ANSWER:
a
35. People who have a sense of generativity
a.
show little interest in making the world a better place.
b.
tend to focus more on what they can give to others than on what they can get.
c.
focus on what they can get from others.
d.
avoid risks by choosing the security provided by a routine existence.
ANSWER:
b
36. A major crisis that often occurs during middle adulthood is
a.
facing retirement.
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b.
establishing one’s identity.
c.
coming to the realization that some of our youthful dreams will never materialize.
d.
getting established in a career.
ANSWER:
c
37. Jung found that many of his middle aged clients were concerned about
a.
finding meaning in projects that had lost their meaning.
b.
resolving guilt over sexual experiences.
c.
dealing with fears of controlling their aggression.
d.
being comfortable with feelings of emptiness and flatness of life.
ANSWER:
a
38. Jung believed that major life transformations were an inevitable and universal part of the human condition at
a.
late adolescence.
b.
early adulthood.
c.
middle adulthood.
d.
late adulthood.
ANSWER:
c
39. According to Jung, a condition of integration of the unconscious with conscious and psychological balance is
a.
individuation.
b.
differentiation.
c.
individualism.
d.
the persona.
ANSWER:
a
40. For Jung, people can bring unconscious material into awareness by paying attention to their
a.
rational thought patterns that drove them during the first half of life.
b.
emotional upsets that were caused by difficult life events.
c.
dreams and fantasies and by expressing themselves through poetry, writing, music and art.
d.
inner child.
ANSWER:
c
41. Nancy’s coworker earned a promotion and is transferring to the company’s headquarters in a different city. Nancy is
convinced that her coworker’s real reason for leaving is to get away from her. She is committing which of the following
cognitive errors?
a.
dichotomous thinking
b.
selective abstraction
c.
overgeneralization
d.
personalization
ANSWER:
d
42. James looks back on his life with regrets, wishing that he could relive his life in such a way that he would
devote more time to his family and less time to his work. According to Erikson, James has not successfully
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resolved the psychosocial crisis of
a.
intimacy vs. isolation.
b.
identity vs. identity confusion.
c.
generativity vs. stagnation.
d.
integrity vs. despair.
ANSWER:
d
43. According to Erikson, the central issue of late adulthood is
a.
intimacy vs. isolation.
b.
integrity vs. despair.
c.
identity vs. identity confusion.
d.
generativity vs. stagnation.
ANSWER:
b
44. On Ray’s 63rd birthday, he mentioned to his wife that since he was approaching retirement from the company he had
worked for over 30 years, he had come to terms with the fact that he was not going to reach his lifelong goal of being Vice
President of the company. Ray’s attitude suggests
a.
he is adapting to the challenges that are common during late middle age.
b.
he is depressed about the fact that he didn’t achieve his goal and is deluding himself to think he has come to
terms with it.
c.
he has low self-esteem and he would not give up his dream if he had high self-esteem.
d.
he is trying to get his wife to feel sorry for him, which is a common phenomenon amongmen who are about to
retire.
ANSWER:
a
45. According to Erikson, persons who have succeeded in achieving ego integrity
a.
yearn for another chance, even though they realize that they cannot have it.
b.
view death as natural, even while living rich and meaningful lives.
c.
approach the final stage of their lives with a sense of personal fragmentation.
d.
feel that they have a lot of unfinished business.
ANSWER:
b
46. ________ predisposes us to discriminate against the elderly by avoiding them or in some way victimizing them
because of their age alone.
a.
Ageism
b.
Age prejudice
c.
Stereotyping
d.
Age discrimination
ANSWER:
a
47. A new international group of independent global leaders working together for peace and humanity, known as
________________, were brought together by Nelson Mandela to bring about social change.
a.
The Council
b.
The Elders
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c.
The Wisdom Seekers
d.
Mandela’s Agents of Peace
ANSWER:
b
48. Which of the following older adults is a Nobel Peace Laureate, veteran anti-apartheid activist and peace campaigner
widely regarded as “South Africa’s moral conscience”?
a.
Desmond Tutu
b.
Gro Brundtland
c.
Graca Machel
d.
Ela Bhatt
ANSWER:
a
49. One theory of human development that focuses on the period from roughly ages 18 to 25 is called
a.
emerging adulthood.
b.
late adolescence.
c.
emerging autonomy.
d.
post-adolescence.
ANSWER:
a
50. ______________________—thinking of the worst case scenario and the most horrendous outcome that could
happen—is a common arbitrary inference.
a.
Personalization
b.
Catastrophizing
c.
Selective abstraction
d.
Overgeneralization
ANSWER:
b
