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True / False
1. Decisions made within the system of criminal justice should not have to reflect important public values.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The criminal justice system is designed to control and prevent crime.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Citizens and their actions can prevent crime.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Congress and President George W. Bush sought to increase the government’s effectiveness by creating new federal
agencies.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Congress has refused to expand the powers of the FBI.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Defendants who win appeals typically go free.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Federalism divides power between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The U.S. Constitution explicitly includes criminal justice among the powers of the federal government.
a.
True
b.
False
9. When the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1788–1789, it contained few references to criminal justice.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Most criminal laws are written by state legislatures and enforced by state agencies.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Relatively few offenders break federal criminal laws compared to the large numbers who break state criminal laws.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Criminal justice in the United States is highly decentralized.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Criminal justice is a system of parts—police, courts, corrections—that do not affect each other.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Plea bargaining is an example of an exchange relationship in the criminal justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
15. At all levels of the justice process, there is a high degree of discretion employed by decision makers.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Criminal justice agencies are not dependent on others for funding.
a.
True
b.
False
17. In the United States, the law may be interpreted differently in various states.
a.
True
b.
False
18. More than half of the convicted offenders are supervised in the community.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Because police usually observe the crimes that occur, they are at an advantage in quickly arresting offenders.
a.
True
b.
False
20. In the American criminal justice system, most cases proceed all the way to trial.
a.
True
b.
False
21. In the American criminal justice system, all cases undergo the same process and receive equal attention.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Minorities are subjected to much higher rates of incarceration than the white majority.
a.
True
b.
False
23. Minority groups suffer greatly from poverty.
a.
True
b.
False
24. There is no evidence of racism in the way society asks the criminal justice system to operate.
a.
True
b.
False
25. Doing justice is not a goal of criminal justice.
a.
True
b.
False
26. At the federal level, drug offenses are the most common violation of the criminal law.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Discretion is not a characteristic of the criminal justice system.
a.
True
b.
False
28. Police are responsible for adjudication.
a.
True
b.
False
29. Celebrated cases that are highly scrutinized, have jury trials and the lengthy detailed appeals are typically found at
Layer 1 of the criminal justice wedding cake..
a.
True
b.
False
30. Layer 4 of the criminal justice wedding cake model consists of misdemeanors.
a.
True
b.
False
31. Layer 2 of the criminal justice wedding cake model consists of violent crimes.
a.
True
b.
False
32. According to Cole and Smith, which of the following is not a goal of the criminal justice system?
a.
Doing justice
b.
Controlling crime
c.
Preventing crime
d.
Pushing crime offshore
33. Which of the following statements best explains the goals of the criminal justice system?
a.
The actions of citizens taking simple precautions cannot prevent crime.
b.
Efforts to control crime allow police to go beyond the law.
c.
Decisions must be made that reflect the legal, social, political, and moral values of society.
d.
Having an equal system of justice for all the members of society.
34. The concept of dividing power between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments is called
a.
confederacy.
b.
federalism.
c.
constitutionality.
d.
political system.
35. Prisons, jails, and other corrections facilities and programs are administered by which level of government?
a.
Federal government
b.
State governments
c.
City governments
d.
Federal, state, and city governments
36. Which is true concerning the criminal justice system and the U.S. Constitution?
a.
The U.S. Constitution does not discuss the criminal justice system specifically.
b.
The U.S. Constitution dictates how state agencies should be run.
c.
The U.S. Constitution created the state police agencies.
d.
The U.S. Constitution created the federal law enforcement agencies.
37. The authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, using instead one’s own judgment is
referred to as
a.
exchange.
b.
interchange
c.
system transfer.
d.
discretion.
38. A key concept in the criminal justice process involving the mutual transfer of resources among individual actors is
called
a.
exchange.
b.
process distribution.
c.
system transfers.
d.
discretion.
39. Which of the following is not a characteristic of practitioners in the criminal justice system?
a.
Discretion
b.
Resource dependence
c.
Filtering
d.
Complete independence of actors
40. Which of the following occurs at the initial appearance?
a.
The suspect is fingerprinted.
b.
The suspect is notified of the official charges against him or her.
c.
The judge decides whether probable cause exists.
d.
The suspect enters his or her plea.
41. The determination of whether or not a defendant is guilty is called
a.
adjudication.
b.
indictment.
c.
booking.
d.
information.
42. The United States has a ______ system.
a.
dual-court
b.
triple-court
c.
one-court
d.
quadruple-court
43. When a person is physically taken into custody, this is called a(n)
a.
warrant.
b.
arrest.
c.
indictment.
d.
information.
44. A “true bill” coming from a grand jury and charging a suspect with a specific crime is called a(n)
a.
information.
b.
warrant.
c.
indictment.
d.
booking.
45. A court order issued by a judge authorizing police officers to make arrests or search premises is called a(n)
a.
arrest.
b.
warrant.
c.
true bill.
d.
booking.
46. Most defendants whose charges are not dropped ultimately
a.
go to trial.
b.
plead guilty.
c.
serve long prison sentences.
d.
are not guilty by reason insanity.
47. The person who is the “key link between the police and the courts” because s/he considers the facts of the case and
decides whether there is probable cause to believe an offense was committed is the
a.
judge.
b.
defense attorney.
c.
parole officer.
d.
prosecutor.
48. Which layer of the criminal justice “wedding cake” involves celebrated cases resulting in a jury trial that are highly
unusual with great public attention?
a.
4
b.
3
c.
2
d.
1
49. Which layer of the criminal justice “wedding cake” consists of misdemeanors?
a.
4
b.
3
c.
2
d.
1
50. Which layer of the criminal justice “wedding cake” consists of serious felonies?
a.
4
b.
3
c.
2
d.
1
51. The criminal justice “wedding cake” layers reflect differences in how crimes are prioritized. Based on these priorities,
which statement best reflects a summary of these layers?
a.
All cases are basically the same.
b.
Very few cases are plea bargained.
c.
Different cases receive different kinds of treatment.
d.
Celebrated cases are no different than other cases.
52. Which layer of the criminal justice “wedding cake” reflects the priorities of how the criminal justice system deals with
felonies of “lesser concern”?
a.
4
b.
3
c.
2
d.
1
53. The State of Michigan v. Christopher Jones illustrated
a.
the importance of selecting open-minded jurors.
b.
the difficulties of proving guilt in a rape case.
c.
the prosecutor’s use of multiple charges to pressure defendants to plead guilty.
d.
that circumstantial evidence cannot be used to convict an offender.
54. When we say that crime in American is “intra-racial,” we mean that
a.
victims and offenders tend to be of different racial groups.
b.
victims and offenders tend to be of the same racial group.
c.
race does not play a part in who is the victim and who is the offender.
d.
racial differences can only be discovered using intra-group analysis.
55. According to Cole and Smith, which of the following is not an explanation for the racial and ethnic disparities that
exist within the criminal justice system?
a.
Minorities commit more crimes.
b.
The criminal justice system is racist.
c.
America is a racist society.
d.
None of these. All of the above can explain the disparities.
56. The inequality of treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other
groups, is called
a.
federalism.
b.
crime.
c.
disparity.
d.
due process.
57. Compared to whites, African Americans and Hispanics are drawn into the criminal justice system at a
a.
slightly lower rate.
b.
slightly higher rate.
c.
similar rate.
d.
much higher rate.
58. How much greater is the per capita incarceration rate for African Americans as compared to whites?
a.
Twice as great
b.
Three times as great
c.
Five times as great
d.
Seven times as great
59. One-third of all persons arrested by the police are members of which minority group?
a.
African Americans
b.
Native Americans
c.
Hispanics
d.
Caucasians
