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True / False
1. It is estimated that there are more than 850,000 gang members in the United States.
a. True
b. False
2. As the number of guns in the population increases, so does the violent crime rate.
a. True
b. False
3. Crime rates appear to be increasing around the world as they decline in the United States.
a. True
b. False
4. Underdeveloped nations have murder rates significantly lower than the United States.
a. True
b. False
5. Research suggests that a distinct relationship exists between crime rates and urbanization.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
6. The availability of legalized abortion is one factor that has recently been theorized to explain the drop in crime
rates.
a. True
b. False
7. Cultural transmission is the process where people learn the techniques and attitudes of crime from relationships
with criminal peers
a. True
b. False
8. Self-report studies indicate a significant rise in the number of teens using drugs.
a. True
b. False
9. African Americans account for almost 50 percent of Part I violent crime arrests.
a. True
b. False
10. Whenviolenceratessurgedinthe1980’s,theincreasewasduealmostentirelytoyoungpeople.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
11. Trajectorytheorysuggeststhathumandevelopmentiscontrolledbya“master”latenttrait.
a. True
b. False
12. Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next through the culture of poverty.
a. True
b. False
13. Women are much more likely than men to be victimized by their acquaintances than men are.
a. True
b. False
14. The Philadelphia survey found that arrest and punishment did little to deter chronic offenders.
a. True
b. False
15. In addition to Spain, Japan, Hungary, and Portugal, the United States has shown a distinct downward trend in the
level of crime and victimization during the past decade.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
Multiple Choice
16. Using this definition, criminal law is a set of rules, codified by state authorities, that express norms, goals, and
values of the vast majority of society
a. Conflict b. Consensus
c. Interactionist d. Moral entrepreneur
17. Thestatement;“Thelawistheinstrumentthatenablesthewealthytomaintainthepositionofpowerandtocontrol
thebehaviorofthosewhoopposetheirideas”alignswithwhichviewofcrime?
a. Conflict b. Interactionist
c. Moral entrepreneur d. Consensus
18. Which view of crime suggests that criminal law is structured to reflect the preferences and opinions of people who
hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction?
a. Moral entrepreneur b. Conflict
c. Consensus d. Interactionist
19. A Crime Index is?
a. a measure of all crime, including crimes reported and crimes not reported to the police
b. an accurate picture of the number of crimes committed
c. an estimate of crime that is not reported to the police
d. an estimate of crimes committed
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
20. Which of the following crimes is not included on the list of Part I index crimes documented in the Uniform Crime
Reports?
a. Simple assault b. Arson
c. Motor vehicle theft d. Criminal homicide
21. What is considered to be the most widely cited source of criminal statistics?
a. Uniform Crime Reports
b. National Crime Victimization Surveys
c. National Indicators of Drug Abuse
d. Bureau of Justice Statistics
22. Which of the following is an index crime?
a. Kidnapping b. Forgery
c. Simple assault d. Motor vehicle theft
23. Which of the following is one of the problems associated with the validity of the Uniform Crime Report?
a. No federal crimes are reported.
b. If an offender commits multiple crimes, only the most serious is recorded.
c. Reports are voluntary and vary in accuracy.
d. Crime rates per 50,000 people are computed.
24. The National Crime Victimization survey is prepared by what agency?
a. Federal Bureau of Investigation b. Central Intelligence Agency
c. National Institute of Health d. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
25. What data source relies on a multi-stage sample of housing units to collect information about citizen's encounters
with criminals?
a. Monitoring the Future Survey
b. National Crime Victimization Survey
c. National Incident-Based Reporting System
d. Uniform Crime Reports
26. Which of the following is not a problem associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
a. Individuals may misrepresent the time line of events
b. Over-reporting because of victim's misrepresentations of events.
c. Incomplete acts are lumped together with completed ones.
d. Underreporting stemming from the embarrassment of reporting crime.
27. The National Crime Victimization Survey asks participants to report on the frequency and characteristics of all but
which one of the following crimes?
a. Assault b. Murder
c. Rape d. Robbery
28. Which type of data prefers the use of interviews and questionnaires for high school students?
a. Observational b. Victimization
c. Self-report d. Official
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
29. What type of study is the best measure of unreported crimes?
a. Victimization surveys b. Prison data
c. Self-report studies d. Official records
30. Which of the following statements about the validity of self-report data is false?
a. Serious chronic offenders usually cooperate.
b. Some surveys contain an overabundance of trivial offenses.
c. Institutionalized youth are not generally represented.
d. The "known group" can be used to assess validity.
31. Most reported crimes occur during which season?
a. Winter b. Summer
c. Spring d. Fall
32. In 2010, what percent of 12th graders reported using drugs in the past year?
a. 50 b. 75
c. 38 d. 90
33. The greater the proportion of ____ in the population, the higher the crime rate and the greater the number of
persistent offenders.
a. middle-aged women b. Young women
c. middle-aged men d. Young men
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
34. Which regions of the country usually have significantly higher rates of crime?
a. The Midwest and New England b. The West and the South
c. The Midwest and the South d. New England and the West
35. For serious violent crimes, the male-female arrest ratio is ____ males to 1 female.
a. 5b. 3
c. 2d. 4
36. Which of the following groups experience violent crimes at a higher rate than other groups?
a. Whites b. African Americans
c. Asians d. Latinos
37. When a man is the victim of a violent crime, the perpetrator is usually described as a(n):
a. Stranger b. Acquaintance
c. Relative d. wife/girlfriend
38. Cesare Beccaria advocated:
a. Social process theory b. Routine activities theory
c. Social structure theory d. Choice theory
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
39. Which view of criminality argues that people commit crimes if they believe it will provide immediate benefits
without the threat of long-term risks?
a. Social structure theory b. Psychological theory
c. Social process theory d. Choice theory
40. According to ____ theory, indicators of neighborhood disorder are highly predictive of crime rates.
a. Social structure b. Developmental
c. Social process d. Conflict
41. Which view of crime suggests that individuals are born "good" and become "bad" as they mature?
a. Social reaction theory b. Social control theory
c. Social structure theory d. Social learning theory
42. ____ maintains that everyone has the potential to become criminal.
a. Social structure theory b. Social learning theory
c. Social control theory d. Social reaction theory
43. ____ theory focuses on the economic and political forces operating in a society and views these forces as the
fundamental causes of criminality.
a. Conflict b. Social control
c. Developmental d. Social structure
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
44. ____ theory recognizes that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change.
a. Social structure b. Developmental
c. Psychological d. Social process
45. In a study entitled Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, researchers found that chronic offenders
a. Are more likely to continue criminality if they are female
b. Become adult repeat offenders
c. Are deterred from further criminality if arrested during youth chronic offending
d. Commit the most violent acts of all criminals
Johnwasbornintoafamilythatdidn’thaveverymuchmoney,anditseemedthathisparentsstruggledtoputand
keep food on the table. As he grew up he found school boring despite being smart, so he dropped out. He was
always impulsive and finding a job took too long. John recently found out that he is going to be a father and wants to
provide the best opportunity for his child that he can. To support himself and his unborn child, he gets involved in
selling pain pills and he is arrested in a sting operation.
46. John’sviewofthecriminaljusticesystemislikelywhat?
a. conflict view
b. consensus view
c. crime control view
d. interactionist view
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
47. The Judge believes selling drugs is inherently destructive and dangerous and that by punishing John, he will learn to
controlhisactionsinthefuture.TheJudge’sviewofthecriminaljusticesystemislikelywhat?
a. crime control view
b. due process view
c. interactionist view
d. consensus view
48. TheUCRwouldhandleandcategorizeJohn’scrimeaswhat?
a. dirty hands
b. part I
c. public endangerment
d. part II
49. Most researchers would call this explanation of John's behavior part of the:
a. trajectory theory
b. developmental theory
c. propensity theory
d. life course theory
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
Andrew has decided that he is going to rob a bank to pay off his debts after losing his job. He buys a gun from a kid
wholivesinaneconomicallydepressedsectionoftownbutdoesn’taskwheretheguncamefrom.Onthedayofthe
robbery,Andrewdecidesthathewillshootattheceilinginsidethebanktogeteveryone’sattention.Butashe
shoots,thebulletricochetsandstrikesabankteller.ThetellerdiesinstantlyandintheprocessofAndrew’sget
away he drops his gun.
50. OnlythemostseriousofAndrew’scrimeshasbeenreportedtothepublicinthisreportingmechanism.
a. NIBRS
b. Self-report survey
c. UCR
d. NCVS
51. WhatwillcategorizethemajorityofAndrew’scrimes?
a. Part IV
b. Part I
c. Part II
d. Part III
52. Andrew’sgunpurchaseanduseofitinarobberyandmurdersupportswhichfactorthatinfluencescrime?
a. availability of guns cause an escalation in serious crime
b. gang members make good profits off of selling firearms
c. crime rates increase as unemployment rises
d. citizens are more likely to turn to crime when money is tight
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
53. WhichcauseofcrimemostcloselyfitswithAndrew’sactions?
a. personality theory
b. social learning theory
c. cognitive theory
d. choice theory
54. June decides not to report the burglary to the police because she feels that the break-in was her fault. Which tool is
mostlikelytorecordJune’scase?
a. NIBRS
b. Self Report
c. UCR
d. NCVS
55. After the burglary June is ever more fearful of her neighbors and the crime that goes on in her community. June is
justified in her thoughts because;
a. violent victimization's have started to rise
b. youth crime is on the rise
c. crime against the elderly has increased
d. home invasions are on the rise
56. Crime, most simply, is a violation of ____________________.
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
57. ____________________ is another name associated with the 8 index crimes from the Uniform Crime Reports.
58. The ____________________ view of crime suggests that moral entrepreneurs define crime.
59. Murder, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and ____________________
make up the FBI's Part I crimes.
60. Criticisms of UCR data include ______________ of the victims and law enforcement
61. The ____________________ is one who has serious and persistent brushes with the law and whose behavior
may be excessively violent and destructive.
62. ____________________ question large groups of high school students about their participation in criminal or
delinquent acts.
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
63. The _____________________ states that as the poverty of minorities in the population increases, so too does
the amount of social control that the public directs at those minority group members
64. Modern ____________________ theories of crime believe that elements of the environment interact with
biological factors to control and influence behavior.
65. According to ____________________ theory, disruptions in life's major transitions can be destructive and
ultimately can promote criminality.
66. Conflict criminologists focus their attention on the law violations of the ______________?
67. ________________assumes that people are born good and learn to be bad.
68. According to the _____________________ some people encounter problems during their early development that
cause an imbalance in their personality.
69. The racial threat hypothesis explains that an increase of minorities in the population can correlate to an increase of
___________________.
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
70. According to the United Nations, the most common form of human trafficking is ____________________.
71. Explain the three significant methods used to measure the nature and extent of crime. Address the advantages and
disadvantages of each method.
72. Elaborate the three views on defining crime. Discuss how and why some behaviors become illegal and are
considered crimes while others remain non-criminal.
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
73. Compare the trends in violent crime between the United States and one other country.
74. Describe the social, economic, personal, and demographic factors suggested by experts to account for the recent
crime drop in the United States.
75. Summarize what self-report trends reveal about crime.
76. Discuss the intersection of race, class, gender, and crime victimization.
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
77. Explain violent crime using one of the theories elaborated in the text. Discuss why this theoretical explanation is the
most useful for understanding violent crime.
78. Compare and contrast social structure theory and social process theory.
79. Discuss the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study and how its findings have shaped justice policy.
Chapter 02 : The Nature of Crime and Victimization
80. Outline the tenets and significance of developmental theory for explaining crime.
