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c.
social process
d.
conflict
58. Which view of crime suggests that individuals are born “good” and become “bad” as they mature?
a.
Social reaction theory
b.
Social control theory
c.
Social structure theory
d.
Social learning theory
59. ____ theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become criminal.
a.
Social structure
b.
Social learning
c.
Social control
d.
Social reaction
60. ____ theory focuses on the economic and political forces operating in a society and views these forces as the
fundamental causes of criminality.
a.
Conflict
b.
Social control
c.
Developmental
d.
Social structure
61. ____ theory recognizes that as people mature, the factors that influence their behavior change.
a.
Social structure
b.
Developmental
c.
Psychological
d.
Social process
62. ____ theory would advocate against the use of the sex offender registry for low-level offenders due to its
stigma.
a.
Social structure
b.
Social learning
c.
Social control
d.
Social reaction
63. In a study entitled Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, researchers found that chronic offenders:
a.
are more likely to continue criminality if they are female.
b.
become adult repeat offenders
c.
are deterred from further criminality if arrested during youth chronic offending.
d.
commit the most violent acts of all criminals.
John was born into a family that didn’t have very much money, and it seemed that his parents struggled to put and keep
food on the table. As he grew up, he found school boring despite being smart, so he dropped out. He was always
impulsive and finding a job took too long. John recently found out that he is going to be a father and wants to provide the
best opportunity for his child that he can. To support himself and his unborn child, he gets involved in selling pain pills
and he is arrested in a sting operation.
64. John’s view of the criminal justice system is likely the ___________ view.
a.
conflict
b.
consensus
c.
crime control
d.
interactionist
65. The judge believes selling drugs is inherently destructive and dangerous and that by punishing John, he will learn to
control his actions in the future. The judge’s view of the criminal justice system is likely the _____ view.
a.
crime control
b.
due process
c.
interactionist
d.
consensus
66. Most researchers would consider this explanation of John’s behavior part of the _____ theory.
a.
trajectory
b.
developmental
c.
propensity
d.
life course
Andrew has decided that he is going to rob a bank to pay off his debts after losing his job. He buys a gun from a kid who
lives in an economically depressed section of town but he doesn’t ask where the gun came from. On the day of the
robbery, Andrew decides that he will shoot at the ceiling inside the bank to get everyone’s attention. But as he shoots, the
bullet ricochets and strikes a bank teller. The teller dies instantly and in the process of Andrew’s getaway, he drops his
gun.
67. Only the most serious of Andrew’s crimes has been reported to the public using this reporting mechanism.
a.
NIBRS
b.
Self-report survey
c.
UCR
d.
NCVS
68. How will the majority of Andrew’s crimes be categorized?
a.
Part I
b.
Part II
c.
Part III
d.
Part IV
69. Which theoretical explanation most closely fits with Andrew’s actions?
a.
Personality theory
b.
Social learning theory
c.
Cognitive theory
d.
Rational choice theory
June is 80 years old and is terrified of having her home burglarized or becoming a victim in another way, so she tries not
to leave the house. She has never been a victim of crime but is aware that her neighborhood may not be as safe as it used
to be. One afternoon when she does decide to leave the house, her home is burglarized and her television is stolen.
70. June decides not to report the burglary to the police because she feels that the break-in was her fault. Which crime
measurement tool is most likely to record June’s case?
a.
NIBRS
b.
Self-report study
c.
UCR
d.
NCVS
71. After the burglary, June is ever more fearful of her neighbors and the crime that goes on in her community. June is not
justified in her thoughts because:
a.
violent victimizations are decreasing.
b.
youth crime is on the rise.
c.
crime against the elderly is increasing dramatically.
d.
home invasions are on the rise.
72.
________, most simply, is a violation of criminal law.
73. ________ are people who wage crusades to control criminal law so that it reflects their own personal values.
74. ____________________ is another name associated with the eight index crimes from the UCRs.
75. The ____________________ view of crime suggests that moral entrepreneurs define crime.
76. Murder, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and ____________________
make up the FBI’s Part I crimes.
77. Criticisms of UCR data include ______________ of the victims and law enforcement.
78. The ____________________ is one who has serious and persistent brushes with the law and whose behavior
may be excessively violent and destructive.
79. ____________________ question large groups of high school students about their participation in criminal
or delinquent acts.
80. The _____________________ states that as the poverty of minorities in the population increases, so too
does the amount of social control that the public directs at those minority group members.
81. ____________ is the view that extreme social and economic differences among people living in the same community
exacerbate criminal activity.
82. The notion that deteriorating neighborhoods attracts law violators is referred to as the __________
hypothesis.
83. Modern ____________________ theories of crime believe that elements of the environment interact with
biological factors to control and influence behavior.
84. According to ____________________ theory, disruptions in life’s major transitions can be destructive and
ultimately can promote criminality.
85. Conflict criminologists focus their attention on the law violations of the ______________.
86.
________________theory assumes that people are born good and learn to be bad.
87. According to the _____________________ some people encounter problems during their early development that
cause an imbalance in their personality.
88. The racial threat hypothesis explains that an increase of minorities in the population can correlate to an increase of
___________________.
89. Conduct disorder is discussed as a precursor of long-term chronic offending in ____________ theory.
90. A culture of poverty is discussed as an element of ___________ theory.
91. Explain the three significant methods used to measure the nature and extent of crime. Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of each method.
92. Elaborate the three views on defining crime. Discuss how and why some behaviors become illegal and are
considered crimes while others remain noncriminal.
93. Discuss the trends in violent crime in the United States.
94. Describe the social, economic, personal, and demographic factors suggested by experts to account for the
recent crime drop in the United States.
95.
Summarize the relationship between mental illness and crime.
96. Discuss the intersection of race, class, gender, and crime victimization.
97. Explain violent crime using one of the theories elaborated in the text. Discuss why this theoretical
explanation is the most useful for understanding violent crime.
98. Compare and contrast social structure theory and social process theory.
99. Discuss the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study and how its findings have shaped justice policy.
100. Outline the tenets and significance of developmental theory for explaining crime.
