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CHAPTER 02: REVIEWING YOUR CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
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1. Many children exposed to traumatic events demonstrate an ability to adapt to this adversity, which is known
as:
a.
resiliency.
b.
sensitivity.
c.
mature independence.
d.
reassurance.
ANSWER:
a
2. __________ involves seeing in other people actions that would lead us to feel guilt or anxiety.
a.
Denial
b.
Projection
c.
Displacement
d.
Reaction formation
ANSWER:
b
3. Freud developed a model for understanding early development based on ____________.
a.
psychosocial factors.
b.
unconscious psychological processes.
c.
individuation and differentiation.
d.
maturation.
ANSWER:
b
4. Erikson built on Freud’s ideas and took them in a new direction, stressing the psychosocial aspects of
development and:
a.
assuming that psychosexual and psychosocial growth occur separately.
b.
carrying his own developmental theory to the end of a person’s life.
c.
Understanding crises need not be resolved at each stage.
d.
that the id is the life force of human development.
ANSWER:
b
5. Erikson’s psychosocial theory stresses the
a.
integration of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of development.
b.
necessity of meeting one’s lower needs in order to move towards self-actualization.
c.
resolution of psychosexual conflicts.
d.
integration of self-concept with the ideal self.
ANSWER:
a
6. The self-in-context perspective takes into account all of the following as being central to the course of
development throughout the life cycle EXCEPT:
a.
race.
b.
culture and ethnicity.
c.
gender.
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CHAPTER 02: REVIEWING YOUR CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
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d.
income.
ANSWER:
d
7. The feminist perspective on development is
a.
strongly supportive of Erikson’s focus on the individual.
b.
critical of Erikson’s focus on the individual.
c.
critical of the Freudian psychoanalytic approach.
d.
critical both of Erikson’s focus on the individual and the Freudian psychoanalytic approach.
ANSWER:
d
8. From the self-in-context view, ________ is a time of finding one’s own voice and the beginning of
developing a sense of autonomy.
a.
infancy
b.
early childhood
c.
middle childhood
d.
pubescence
ANSWER:
d
9. According to Erikson, the core struggle during infancy is
a.
self-reliance vs. doubt.
b.
initiative vs. guilt.
c.
trust vs. mistrust.
d.
industry vs. guilt.
ANSWER:
c
10. Children who do not develop secure attachments in infancy
a.
will not be able to develop a positive self-image in adulthood and will have dysfunctional
relationships.
b.
will be able to develop a positive self-image in adulthood and develop healthy relationships.
c.
may still develop a positive self-image and healthy relationships, especially if they have access to
social support and find a mentor during childhood.
d.
will have plenty of time to develop secure attachments before they are affected in any way.
ANSWER:
c
11. From the self-in-context view, ________ is a time for developing emotional competence, which involves
being able to delay gratification.
a.
infancy
b.
infancy
c.
middle childhood
d.
pubescence
ANSWER:
b
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12. From the self-in-context view, ________ is a period of searching for an identity, continuing to find one’s
voice, and balancing caring of self with caring about others.
a.
middle age
b.
adolescence
c.
middle childhood
d.
pubescence
ANSWER:
b
13. Barbara wants to be the “perfect mother.” She tends to be overprotective, doing things for her 3-year-old
daughter that the child can very well do for herself. According to Erikson, although Barbara thinks she is being
an effective parent, her daughter is likely to develop a sense of
a.
shame and doubt about her capabilities.
b.
guilt over her inadequacies.
c.
low self-esteem.
d.
right and wrong.
ANSWER:
a
14. From the self-in-context view, ________ is a time for increasing one’s understanding of one’s self in terms
of gender, race, culture, and abilities, as well as a time for developing empathy.
a.
pubescence
b.
early adulthood
c.
middle childhood
d.
adolescence
ANSWER:
c
15. Parents who squelch any emerging individuality and who do too much for their children are indirectly
saying
a.
“Let us do this for you, because you’re too clumsy, too slow, or too inept to do things for yourself.”
b.
“You are so special to us that we will do everything for you.”
c.
“If you make mistakes, you will feel bad about yourself, so we will help you establish a healthy
dependency on us.”
d.
“We will do for you what you can’t do for yourself, so you won’t have to feel failure.”
ANSWER:
a
16. ___________ have embraced social networking sites and are the most fervent users of these sites.
a.
Adults
b.
Young children
c.
Young adults
d.
Adolescents
ANSWER:
d
17. According to Erikson, the conflict that characterizes the preschool years is
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a.
initiative vs. guilt.
b.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
c.
industry vs. inferiority.
d.
trust vs. mistrust.
ANSWER:
a
18. Attachment theory is an extension of psychoanalytic theory and has gained recognition as one of the leading
theoretical models for the social psychological study of:
a.
the ego and id.
b.
adolescent behaviors.
c.
close relationships and personality dynamics.
d.
existentialism.
ANSWER:
c
19. Annie feels incompetent in many areas of her life. She is fearful of being seen as foolish, so she seldom
initiates any action. During her preschool years, many of her actions were ridiculed by family members and she
ultimately withdrew from taking an active stance. According to Erikson, Annie failed to overcome the barriers
associated with the following stage of development:
a.
trust vs. mistrust.
b.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
c.
industry vs. inferiority
d.
initiative vs. guilt
ANSWER:
d
20. According to Erikson, a child of preschool age who is unduly restricted or whose choices are ridiculed tends
to experience
a.
an inability to know right from wrong.
b.
a sense of guilt, that will ultimately lead to a withdrawal from taking an active stance.
c.
a rebellious nature.
d.
difficulty being empathic with playmates.
ANSWER:
b
21. From the self-in-context view, ________ is the period that is characterized by major physical, psychological,
and sexual changes.
a.
middle childhood
b.
late childhood
c.
pubescence
d.
adolescence
ANSWER:
c
22. Jared recently made the decision to enter nursing school. Upon informing his parents of his decision, his
father replied, “Why go into nursing? You should become a doctor.” This statement reflects
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a.
gender bias.
b.
good judgment.
c.
gender equality.
d.
the feminist perspective.
ANSWER:
a
23. Feminist therapists view the early adolescent period as one of
a.
expanding relationships with parents.
b.
“getting rid” of parents.
c.
keeping most relationships stable.
d.
great rebellion against all parental values.
ANSWER:
a
24. If, during the first six years of our lives, we reached faulty conclusions based on our life experience, we are
likely to
a.
challenge them as we realize that they are faulty.
b.
change them during adolescence.
c.
ignore them in order to function effectively.
d.
still be operating on the basis of those conclusions.
ANSWER:
d
25. Which of the following parenting styles outlined by Diana Baumrind is associated with the most positive
behavioral traits in childhood development?
a.
authoritarian
b.
authoritative
c.
permissive
d.
neglectful
ANSWER:
b
26. Iryna’s parents have adopted an authoritarian parenting style. Which of the following statements would they
most likely make?
a.
“Iryna has such strong aptitude in math, and we want her to feel the satisfaction of accomplishing a
challenging goal so we will encourage her to take an advanced math course.”
b.
“We insist Iryna take the most demanding math course and bring home an A+.”
c.
“Whatever Iryna wants to do is fine with us. If she feels like taking an easier math class this semester,
that’s her choice.”
d.
“It’s up to the school to decide what classes Iryna should take. That’s why we pay taxes—so parents
don’t have to deal with their children’s education.”
ANSWER:
b
27. Kevin is a 32-year-old unemployed man who lives with his parents. He has no plans to look for a job and
spends much of his time in bars using his father’s credit card to buy himself and others alcohol. Based on this
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information, it is likely that his parents raised him using
a.
an authoritarian parenting style.
b.
an authoritative parenting style.
c.
a permissive parenting style.
d.
a neglectful parenting style.
ANSWER:
c
28. ______________ is typically a turbulent and fast-moving period of life, often marked by feelings of
powerlessness, confusion, and loneliness.
a.
Middle childhood
b.
Pubescence
c.
Adolescence
d.
Late middle age
ANSWER:
c
29. According to Erikson, the critical event during middle childhood (ages 6 - 12) is starting school. During this
period, the child will face the following key developmental task:
a.
a relative decline in sexual interests and emergence of new interests, activities, and attitudes.
b.
developing autonomy and achieving competency.
c.
achieving a sense of industry vs. inferiority and inadequacy.
d.
forming a sense of identity and initiative.
ANSWER:
c
30. According to Erikson, failure to achieve a sense of industry during middle childhood tends to result in
a.
a sense of inadequacy and inferiority.
b.
a strain on the child’s sense of identity.
c.
feelings of self-hatred that can never be erased.
d.
failure to acquire individuation.
ANSWER:
a
31. The term ___________ refers to your cognitive awareness about yourself. It is your private mental image of
yourself and a collection of beliefs about the kind of person you are.
a.
self-esteem
b.
ideal self
c.
self-concept
d.
personality profile
ANSWER:
c
32. Ego-defense mechanisms can be thought of as
a.
unhealthy reactions to stress.
b.
most effective when used as the primary means to cope with stress.
c.
psychological strategies that we use to protect our self-concept against unpleasant emotions.
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d.
reactions used primarily by mentally distressed individuals.
ANSWER:
c
33. Regression is
a.
attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
b.
redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
c.
behaving in a manner contrary to one’s real feelings.
d.
exhibiting immature behavior that was earlier outgrown.
ANSWER:
d
34. Reaction formation is
a.
attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
b.
redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
c.
behaving in a manner contrary to one’s real feelings.
d.
exhibiting immature behavior that was earlier outgrown.
ANSWER:
c
35. Displacement is
a.
attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
b.
redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
c.
behaving in a manner contrary to one’s real feelings.
d.
manufacturing a false, but “good,” excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.
ANSWER:
b
36. Projection is
a.
attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
b.
redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
c.
behaving in a manner contrary to one’s real feelings.
d.
manufacturing a false, but “good,” excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.
ANSWER:
a
37. Rationalization is
a.
attributing to others our own unacceptable desires and impulses.
b.
redirecting emotional, usually hostile, impulses from the real object to a substitute person or object.
c.
behaving in a manner contrary to one’s real feelings.
d.
manufacturing a false, but “good,” excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.
ANSWER:
d
38. Matt’s parents claim that their teenage son is not using drugs, even though they found paraphernalia in his
room. This is an example of
a.
rationalization.
b.
denial.
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c.
repression.
d.
compensation.
ANSWER:
b
39. Richard came home and yelled at his wife after his boss had chastised him for making an accounting error
when doing the quarterly reports. This is an example of
a.
reaction formation.
b.
rationalization.
c.
displacement.
d.
projection.
ANSWER:
c
40. Helen is a college student who suffers from test anxiety and fear of failure. These problems began during
early childhood when she started school younger than her peers. She failed at tasks that were easily
accomplished by most of her schoolmates. Although Helen knows she has problems taking tests, she does not
remember the traumatic events that led to her fear of failure. She is using the following defense mechanism:
a.
regression.
b.
displacement.
c.
projection.
d.
repression.
ANSWER:
d
41. Patrick likes to “party” on the weekends and was recently charged with driving while intoxicated. He
explains his predicament by saying “Everyone does it! I just got caught!” This is an example of
a.
denial.
b.
rationalization.
c.
displacement.
d.
projection.
ANSWER:
b
42. Harry has been unfaithful to his wife for many years, and yet he constantly accuses his wife of cheating on
him. This is an example of
a.
reaction formation.
b.
displacement.
c.
rationalization.
d.
projection.
ANSWER:
d
43. Sue was a passive teenager, but at age 30, she began to work hard at being an assertive woman. Recently,
when faced with an angry husband, she reverted to her passive stance. Sue is using the following defense
mechanism:
a.
regression.
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b.
compensation.
c.
repression.
d.
projection.
ANSWER:
a
44. Mary is getting a divorce from a man who cheated on her. She has two children who are reacting with chaos
to the change in their lives. She recently started college and is succeeding as a student, so she puts most of her
energy into her coursework. To avoid feelings of failure as a mother and a wife, she is using
a.
compensation.
b.
projection.
c.
displacement.
d.
reaction formation.
ANSWER:
a
45. According to Erikson, a critical time for forming personal identity, finding meaningful life goals, and
creating meaning in life is during
a.
early childhood.
b.
middle childhood.
c.
adolescence.
d.
young adulthood.
ANSWER:
c
46. John is an adolescent who feels overwhelmed by the pressures placed on him to go to college and make an
occupational choice that will lead to financial independence. His girlfriend wants to get married, and he doesn’t
want to lose her, so he feels pressured to make a commitment that he doesn’t feel ready to make. According to
Erikson, John is dealing with the following core struggle:
a.
industry vs. inadequacy.
b.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
c.
generativity vs. despair.
d.
identity vs. role confusion.
ANSWER:
d
47. During adolescence, a crucial part of the identity-formation process requires individuation, which refers to
a.
finding meaning in living and coping with feelings of uselessness.
b.
separation from the family system and establishing personal identity based on one’s own experiences
rather than one’s parents’ dreams.
c.
expressing sexuality in ways that are congruent with one’s value system.
d.
the development of primary sexual characteristics.
ANSWER:
b
48. A psychological moratorium, recommended by Erikson, is a period
a.
during which children learn how to relate to others
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b.
when adolescents are given permission by society to experiment with different roles.
c.
during adolescence when young people make major commitments in their personal lives.
d.
during childhood when trust is formed by relying on parents to get basic needs met.
ANSWER:
b
49. In response to their growing awareness of the systematic exclusion of people in their racial and cultural
group from full participation in the dominant society, many young people of color develop
______________________________, which protects them from the psychological assault of racism and keeps
the dominant group at bay.
a.
an oppositional social identity
b.
a personality disorder
c.
a psychotic disorder
d.
a social justice mind set
ANSWER:
a
50. __________ is the physiological or biological basis of personality that encompasses activity level,
sociability, and emotionality.
a.
Temperament
b.
Gender
c.
Parenting style
d.
Attachment style
ANSWER:
a
