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61. Women’s share of arrests is the highest for which type of crime?
a.
Robbery
b.
Rape
c.
Murder
d.
Larceny-theft
62. Individual Americans influence criminal justice policy through their involvement in community organizations, such as
a.
neighborhood associations.
b.
parent-teacher organizations.
c.
church groups.
d.
all of the above.
63. Which of the following is more closely linked to the exposure to crime?
a.
Having a higher income
b.
Living in a rural area
c.
Living in a suburban area
d.
Living in a city
64. Which of the following is a common measure taken by poorer individuals in an attempt to reduce the fear of crime?
a.
Hiring private security companies
b.
Moving to the suburbs
c.
Installing home security systems
d.
Working in the night shift
65. Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?
a.
The right to be questioned by the accused
b.
The right to reasonable notice of any court proceeding, parole proceeding, release, or escape of the accused
c.
The reasonable right to confer with the federal prosecutor
d.
The right to proceedings free of unreasonable delay
66. Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?
a.
Human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors, not by free will.
b.
Human behavior is determined by free will.
c.
Criminals are different from noncriminals.
d.
Science can be used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants.
67. Which medical researcher suggested that when environmental lead finds its way into the developing brain, it disturbs
impulse control?
a.
Cesar Lombroso
b.
Sigmund Freud
c.
Emile Durkheim
d.
Herbert Needleman
68. The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own victimization in a crime is
referred to as
a.
victim precipitation.
b.
revictimization.
c.
repetitive victimization.
d.
victim notification.
69. According to _______ theory, crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as poverty, inequality, and
unemployment.
a.
Biological
b.
Psychological
c.
Social structure
d.
Social process
Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers often have a
beer or two before going home in night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night
because his favorite NFL team was playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he
enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that have had too many drinks. Jeff asks the group to quiet
down so he can hear the game. He is immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they want to make
an issue of the game. Before Jeff can answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl
gets ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which results in brain damage.
70. Jeff was the first individual to speak with authority to the group that eventually harmed him. This would be known as
a.
victim precipitation.
b.
revictimization.
c.
repetitive victimization.
d.
victimization.
71. Because Jeff and his coworkers attend a bar late at night, they could be considered at a higher risk of criminal activity.
This is known as _________ theory.
a.
lifestyle-exposure
b.
routine activities
c.
social control
d.
learning
72. Jeff will most likely file a _____ lawsuit against the offenders who injured him, which will not be difficult to win.
a.
criminal
b.
tort
c.
civil
d.
motion
73. Jeff receives assistance from a volunteer agency that helps to navigate the court system. Such a group is often referred
to as a(n) _________ assistance program.
a.
inmate
b.
legal aid
c.
offender
d.
victim
74. This was Jeff's first ever problem at the bar. Which of the following would therefore apply to Jeff's situation?
a.
patron aggression.
b.
victimization
c.
situational victimization.
Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high
on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been the part of her life since she was 4. She
vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her
high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her
until her husband left her for another woman. Christina fell into massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol
and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and engaging in prostitution to maintain her habit until she was
arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a 6-year prison sentence.
75. Which major theory of criminality would best explain Christina’s criminal behavior based on her formative years?
a.
Psychological
b.
Social contract
c.
Social process
d.
Social structure
76. Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed crimes because women are seeking
a.
equality.
b.
transition.
c.
financial gain.
d.
structure.
77. Christina’s depression played a significant part in her criminal lifestyle. Which theory best explains this and why this
is so?
a.
Gender explanations
b.
Life course explanations
c.
Sociological explanations
d.
Psychological explanations
78. Christina now lives in an upscale neighborhood and is in a committed stable relationship. She is a different person
and has no interest in crime. Which major theory of criminality would best explain this change?
a.
Psychological
b.
Social contract
c.
Social process
d.
Social structure
Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He
joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out
that his last “duty” was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old
high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a
special relationship with, and told him what he was just about to do. The coach immediately was able to assist Dominic to
get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually leads to a college
degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style.
79. Dominic participated in crime as a teen, but was able to go on and make a successful life for himself. Which theory
would Dominic’s case best support?
a.
Psychological theory
b.
Life course theory
c.
Sociological theory
d.
Gender theory
80. Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his “friends.” Edwin Sutherland referred to this as
a.
anomie.
b.
strain.
c.
differential association.
d.
process.
81. Dominic has high, prominent cheekbones. This physical attribute in a criminal would be considered a(n) ____ trait.
a.
criminogenic
b.
psychoanalytic
c.
antisocial
d.
sociopath
82. According to the lifestyle exposure model, which groups are least likely to be victimized because of where they live
and how they spend their leisure time?
a.
Elderly white males and elderly white females
b.
Elderly white males and young black females
c.
Elderly black females and elderly white females
d.
Young black males and elderly black females
e.
Young white males and elderly white females
83. People generally have the least fear of crime in
a.
rural areas.
b.
suburban areas.
c.
urban areas.
d.
the workplace.
84. The conservative movement resurrected the concept of rationale choice and with it this approach gained acceptance in
the United States in the 1980s.
a.
Post-classical school
b.
The classical school
c.
Positivist criminology
d.
Neoclassical criminology
85. ________ are the racial group most likely to be victims of crime.
86. The _________ industry increases our fear of crime by sensationalizing crime news.
87. A field of criminology that examines the role of a victim is called _______.
88. Fear of crime is greatest in _______ areas.
89. In regard to gender, ________ are more likely to become victims of crime.
90. The _____________ model argues that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines the
likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.
91. An Essay on Crimes and Punishments was written by ___________ in 1764.
92. ___________ criminology maintains that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors.
93. __________ criminology maintains that crimes result from rational choices.
94. The argument that criminals are born criminals was purported by ___________.
95. Freud’s personality theory comprises the id, the ego, and the ___________.
96. The argument that crime is a natural part of the social life was set forth by __________.
97. Beginning in the 1990s, theorists recognized that female criminality was best explained using the criminological
theory branch of __________.
98. The idea that criminal law is a way for the rich to control the poor is called _________ theory.
99. Feminist _________ researchers focus on the impact of critical life events, such as victimization, to determine why
some women engage in criminal behavior.
100. One impact of crime is _______, which limits freedom.
101. __________ are the factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual.
102. _________ study the role victims play in precipitating a criminal incident and the impact of crimes on victims.
103. __________ hold that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to the society are broken or
weakened.
104. Theories that identify the factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of an
offender are known as _________ theories
105. The _____ are less likely than the poor to be the victims of crime.
106. Fear is regarded as a(n) _______ cost of crime.
107. Two-thirds of violent crimes against females in 2009 were committed by ________.
108. ________ theories would attempt to identify people who have traits that make them prone to crime and then
treat or control those people.
109. Discuss two of the factors discussed in your text that demonstrate how anyone may be a victim of crime.
110. Compare and contrast two of the following three explanations for criminal behavior:
∙ Biological
∙ Psychological
∙ Sociological
111. How might you explain the renewed interest in biological explanations of crime?
112. Discuss two factors from your book addressing why women may constitute such a small percentage of criminal
activity in relation to men.
113. Explain what life course theories seek to do.
114. Why do individuals who live in lower socioeconomic conditions have higher rates of crime and are also more likely
to become victims of crime?
115. Explain the difference between repetitive victimization and revictimization.
116. Compare and contrast positivist criminology and classical criminology.
117. Explain Cesare Lombroso’s biological theory focusing on criminogenic traits. Are any elements of this theory
present in modern criminology? Why or why not?
118. Explain Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and how it relates to criminal activity.
119. Discuss the impacts of crime on society.
120. Identify and discuss the justice system’s responses to the needs of crime victims.
121. Apply two crime-causation theories to females as offenders.
