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Chapter 2: History and Philosophy of the Counseling Profession
Multiple Choice
Around what year was professional counseling born?
a. 1805
b. 1913
c. 1950
d. 1999
What brought about professional counseling as a profession?
a. Those who worked in the traditional focus of the field at the time, social
workers, realized that case management was not enough support
b. Individuals needed to learn to gain knowledge about themselves and
utilize their own personal resources to solve problems of everyday life
c. A variety of societal forces
d. All of the above
Who is credited as the founder of professional counseling?
a. Paul Pedersen
b. Carl Rogers
c. Alfred Adler
d. Frank Parsons
How did career counseling first arise?
a. From the problems people were having as a result of the financial,
employment, and personal problems that resulted from a major societal
transition
b. From the problems war veterans experienced upon returning back to the
U.S.
c. From the increase in high school students applying for college
d. From the many people having the desire to change careers during that
time period
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Initially, what social factors helped to maintain the emergence of the new field of
professional counseling?
a. Psychological testing was on the rise and being viewed as scientific
b. Laws supportive of vocational guidance that also received societal
support
c. Progressive social reform movement
d. All of the above
What is the reason why elementary and secondary schools received an increasing
number of students, thus helping to solidify the role of counseling within schools
from 1920 to 1960?
a. Rise in pregnancies following the end of World War I
b. Increased need for literacy for school-age children because of the
demands of industrialization
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above
Between the 1940’s and 1960’s, the federal government focused on training
professional counselors as a direct result of what two major events?
a. World War I and increase in pregnancies following World War I
b. World War II and USSR’s launching of rockets that orbited earth
c. Influx of students in public education and World War II
d. USSR’s launching of rockets that orbited earth and an increase in
technological advances
In 1946, Congress established the National Institute of Mental Health. What was
NIMH’s mission at the time?
a. Further the understanding and treatment of mental illness through
research
b. Standardize mental health treatment across the United States
c. Train professional counselors in a variety of treatment modalities
d. Provide training guidelines to counseling graduate programs
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Which provides a national accreditation body for counselor training programs?
a. CACREP
b. ACAIT
c. NBCC
d. ACAF
Which is a national certification body?
a. CACREP
b. ACAIT
c. NBCC
d. ACAF
What act was notable for strengthening programs for underserved populations and
continues to be the vehicle for counseling authorization in schools today?
a. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
b. The Perkins Act
c. The Underserved Counseling Act
d. American Counseling Association Act
What act protected the right of employment, prohibited job discrimination, and
mandated the same access to goods, services, facilities, and accommodations for
individuals with disabilities?
a. Americans with Disabilities Act
b. Anti-Discrimination of Disabilities Act
c. Mental Health Insurance Parity Act
d. Equal Treatment of Persons with Disabilities Act
Why was HIPAA enacted?
a. It established national standards for electronic transmission of health
information
b. It provided national standards for credentialing and licensure
c. It provided standards for graduate training programs
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d. It prevented health insurance plans from discrimination between
physical and mental health services
In a study that reviewed empirical literature on the values held by counselors
(Consoli, Kim, & Meyer, 2008), the authors found:
a. Counselors reported having significantly different values from one
another
b. Counselors had an important degree of commonality in the values they
reported
c. Counselors had values that were almost identical to one another
d. Counselors reported different values when working with different clients
________________________ values include independence, coping ability, self-esteem, and
acceptance of conflict and ambiguity.
a. Interpersonal
b. Personal
c. Environmental
d. Social
_______________________ values include friendship, intimacy, cooperation, and
benevolence.
a. Interpersonal
b. Personal
c. Environmental
d. Social
What change has been made to the concept of dual relationships within the
counseling profession?
a. Dual relationships continue to be discouraged and harsher punishment is
likely to be given if a counselor is found engaging in a dual relationship
with a client
b. Dual relationships are considered to be an important issue in the field but
no guidelines are provided by ACA’s Code of Ethics
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c. Dual relationships are conceptualized as beneficial or detrimental to the
counseling relationship
d. Dual relationships are encouraged because it helps strengthen the
relationship between the counselor and client
Why was the concept of dual relationships within professional counseling revised?
a. The original concept of dual relationship failed to address the reality of
counselor-client relationships in small communities or particular cultural
groups
b. Initially, there were no guidelines regarding dual relationships
c. The initial ACA Code of Ethics provided unclear and ambiguous
guidelines about dual relationships
d. The original concept of dual relationships failed to acknowledge that
most counselors and clients have relationships with one another outside
of the counseling relationship
A current issue in the counseling profession surrounds the diagnosis of ADHD. What
is the debate?
a. The ethics of providing medication as treatment for ADHD in children
b. The diagnosis of ADHD in pre-school age children
c. The influence insurance has on diagnoses of ADHD
d. The diagnosis of ADHD in adults
HIPAA regulations cover health care procedures such as:
a. How to handle medical supplies in a safe manner
b. How to handle storage and transmission of client healthcare records
c. How to properly dispose client healthcare records
d. How to inform patients about the limits of confidentiality within the
counselor-client relationship
_____________________ counseling is a type of counseling approach that has developed
from advances in technology and the needs of more individuals for professional
counseling services.
a. Online
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b. Multimedia
c. Distance
d. Rehabilitation
What is one of the MOST important issues in the practice of distance counseling?
a. Consent about treatment
b. Practice of counseling across state lines
c. Inconsistent counseling sessions
d. Technology malfunctions
What is TRICARE?
a. Veterans administration and affairs
b. Mental health care insurance for older adults
c. Healthcare system for families and members of U.S. armed forces
d. Policy to protect individuals with disabilities
What change has been made in regards to the practice of counselors within the
TRICARE program?
a. Regulations have been adopted to allow counselors to practice
independently
b. Counselors operate under physician referral
c. Counselors can receive TRICARE reimbursement
d. Counselors receive supervision under the TRICARE program
What does LPMHC stand for?
a. Limited permit mental health counselor
b. Licensed practicing mental health counselor
c. Licensed psychological mental health counselor
d. Licensed professional mental health counselor
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The VA restricted eligibility for LPMHC positions by requiring counselors with:
a. A master’s degree in a related counseling field and experience with
veterans
b. A master’s degree in mental health counseling or related field and from a
program accredited by CACREP
c. A master’s degree in mental health counseling or related field and from a
program accredited by AMHCA
d. A master’s degree in marriage and family therapy or related field and
from a program that had a focus on trauma
What does the acronym EBP stand for?
a. Exceptional based practice
b. Evidence building practice
c. Exceptional based profession
d. Evidence based practice
What is the main reason the counseling profession moved toward EBP?
a. To utilize treatments that have been found to be effective for clients
b. To improve awareness for counselors of all treatment modalities
available
c. To encourage counselors to become active in research
d. To reduce counselors’ options in treatment selection for clients
What is the Affordable Care Act?
a. Provides counselors reimbursement from Medicare
b. Allows clients to receive free mental health services if a counselor
requests it
c. Helps clients make informed choices about their health by providing new
coverage options
d. Requires counselors to offer payment plans to clients
In the late 1990’s and early 2000’s, the ACA and its divisions began creating several
important documents that included guidelines for providing services to clients.
What did these documents focus on?
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a. Issues in counseling children and adolescents
b. Issues in multicultural counseling
c. Issues in counseling adults and older adults
d. Use of evidence-based practices with clients
True/False
Traditional practices of indigenous healers, animism, shamanism, native healing,
and meditation are some of practices that are considered to be the roots of
counseling.
Counseling, as a profession, is approximately 100 years old.
Very few societal forces influenced the development of the professional counseling
field.
In the decade following World War I, it was reported that suicide was the leading
cause of death in military personnel.
The Mental Health Insurance Parity Act (MHIPA) prevented health insurance plans
that provided mental health services from discriminating between physical and
mental health services in payments or financial maximums.
The field of professional counseling is one of the oldest mental health professions.
The reported values of counselors are sometimes inconsistent with values of ethnic
minority groups in the U.S.
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In a review of the literature, researchers found that counselors have an important
degree of commonality in their values.
Most researchers agree that ADHD is a fad that supports poor behavior and the
pharmacological industry.
Several research studies have been reported in the literature to reliably support
repressed memories
In 1996, HIPAA was passed and regulations to enforce the act were approved.
In order to be considered a counselor, an individual must have received their
master’s degree from a CACREP accredited program.
Evidence-based practice and empirically supported treatment are synonymous.
Evidence-based practices had its origin in the medical professions.
The Affordable Care Act is a law that was created several decades ago.
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Short-Answer/Essay
What are the common values of professional counseling? Give two examples of each
common value.
Describe distance counseling, how it emerged, and methods of distance counseling.
Describe the professional and ethical issues that are specific to distance counseling.
Describe HIPAA regulations and why they are important.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of the counseling profession moving
toward evidence-based practices?
What were the four professional associations that became the first four divisions of
the ACA?
Describe some of the societal factors that influenced and furthered the field of
professional counseling between the 1920’s and 1960’s.
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