Chapter 15- An Integrative Perspective
MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST ITEMS
A. Basic Philosophies
1. According to psychoanalytic therapy, human beings are: (p. 455)
a. motivated by social interest.
b. determined by psychic energy and early experiences.
c. inclined toward becoming fully functioning.
d. free to choose who they will become.
2. Which of the following approaches contends that the nature of the human condition includes self–
awareness, freedom of choice, responsibility, and anxiety as basic elements? (p. 455)
a. Gestalt therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. existential therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. reality therapy
3. Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the unique style of life we create at an early
age? (p. 455)
a. family systems therapy
b. reality therapy
c. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
4. Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that there are multiple realities and
multiple truths? (p. 456)
a. behavior therapy
b. postmodern approaches
c. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. reality therapy
5. Which of the following orientations avoids exploring problems, and instead, focuses on creating
solutions in the present and the future? (p. 456)
a. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach
b. family therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
6. Which statement most closely reflects the philosophy of feminist therapy? (p. 456)
a. Feminist therapy depicts an accurate assessment of the psychosexual stages of development.
b. Androcentricism, gendercentricism, and ethnocentricism are important bias-free concepts of
feminist therapy.
c. Constructs of feminist therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span
oriented.
d. both (b) and (c) are correct
B. Key Concepts
7. Adlerian therapy emphasizes the individual’s: (p. 457)
a. positive capacities to live in society cooperatively.
b. quality world.
c. irrational, crooked thinking.
d. polarities.
8. Which of the following approaches would contend that normal personality development depends on
the successful resolution of specific stages of development? (p. 457)
a. narrative therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
9. A key concept of Gestalt therapy is: (p. 457)
a. externalizing conversations.
b. unfinished business.
c. belief systems.
d. family of origin issues.
e. importance of the past.
10. Which of the following therapies emphasizes that a person’s belief system is the cause of emotional
problems? (p. 457)
a. solution-focused brief therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. acceptance and commitment therapy
e. rational emotive behavior therapy
11. Person-centered therapy puts faith in the client’s: (p. 457)
a. ability to uncover repressed experiences.
b. ability to integrate their polarities.
c. capacity for recognizing how birth order affects their choices.
d. capacity for self-direction.
e. ability to change their belief system.
12. Which of the following approaches most emphasizes principles of learning? (p. 457)
a. Gestalt therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. family systems therapy
e. solution-focused brief therapy
13. Which is not a key concept of feminist therapy? (p. 458)
a. the personal is political
b. the counseling relationship is egalitarian
c. commitment to confronting oppression
d. women’s problems are viewed from an intrapsychic perspective
e. the personal and social and interrelated
C. Goals of Therapy
14. Personal change and social transformation are goals of: (p. 460)
a. Adlerian therapy.
b. solution-focused therapy.
c. person-centered therapy
d. feminist therapy.
e. none of the above
15. Which of the following approaches to therapy most attempts to provide a growth-promoting climate
that is conducive to a client’s self-exploration? (p. 460)
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. reality therapy
d. family therapy
e. person-centered therapy
16. One of the goals of rational emotive behavior therapy is to: (p. 460)
a. assist clients in acquiring a more tolerant and rational view of life.
b. make the unconscious conscious.
c. provide opportunities for reliving early traumas.
d. assist clients in gaining awareness of moment–to–moment experiencing.
e. help clients become aware of their family constellation.
17. Which of the following approaches places emphasis on challenging clients to recognize that they are
responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them? (p. 460)
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. existential therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. solution-focused therapy
18. One of the major goals of reality therapy involves: (p. 460)
a. reconstructing the basic personality.
b. identifying factors that block freedom.
c. encouraging clients to be willing to be a process.
d. challenging clients to evaluate what they are doing.
e. learning to express feelings.
19. Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the scientific method? (p. 460)
a. person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. reality therapy
e. existential therapy
D. The Therapeutic Relationship
20. Empowerment and egalitarianism are the basis of the ________ therapeutic relationship.
(p. 465)
a. existential
b. feminist
c. Gestalt
d. psychoanalytic
21. According to traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist: (p. 464)
a. must establish an authentic encounter with the client.
b. should display genuineness and warmth.
c. remains anonymous.
d. is a teacher.
e. refuses to give up on the client.
22. In which of the following approaches does the therapist show concern for the client by a process of
involvement throughout the course of therapy? (p. 465)
a. reality therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. family systems therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. solution-focused therapy
23. In which therapy approach is the client viewed as the expert on his or her own life, while the therapist
is seen as an expert questioner who assists clients in freeing themselves of their problem-saturated
stories and create new life-affirming stories? (p. 465)
a. existential therapy
b. narrative therapy
c. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. psychoanalytic therapy
24. Which of the following approaches encourages therapists to accurately grasp the client’s “being in the
world”? (p. 464)
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. rational emotive behavior therapy
e. existential therapy
25. An Adlerian therapist would: (p. 464)
a. maintain an aloof stance.
b. establish a cooperative relationship based on equality.
c. take the role of expert.
d. take the role of a friendly parent.
e. avoid sharing personal reactions.
26. In which of the following approaches to therapy does the therapist become active and directive,
functioning as a trainer for the client? (p. 464)
a. existential therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. psychoanalytic therapy
E. Therapy Techniques
27. A key technique of Adlerian therapy is: (p. 466)
a. free association
b. dialogue with polarities.
c. family sculpting.
d. changing one’s language.
e. the assessment of one’s family constellation.
28. Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses authenticity first and technique second? (p.
466)
a. Gestalt therapy
b. existential therapy
c. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. family systems therapy
e. behavior therapy
29. One of the techniques used by behavior therapists in dealing with a client’s anxiety is:
(p. 466)
a. the miracle question.
b. encouragement.
c. externalizing the problem.
d. systematic desensitization.
e. shame-attacking exercises.
30. Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses the attitude of the therapist over the use of
techniques? (p. 466)
a. person-centered therapy
b. psychoanalytic therapy
c. cognitive-behavior therapy
d. behavior therapy
31. The technique of reliving and reexperiencing unfinished business is associated with: (p. 466)
a. Gestalt therapy.
b. person-centered therapy.
c. existential therapy.
d. reality therapy.
e. solution-focused therapy
32. In feminist therapy, the following technique(s) is/are used to help clients recognize the impact of
gender-role socialization: (p. 467)
a. free association
b. genograms
c. scaling questions
d. consciousness-raising
e. all of the above
33. In psychoanalytic therapy, a technique of great importance is: (p. 466)
a. “The Question.”
b. re–authoring one’s life story.
c. value judgments.
d. interpretation.
e. solution talk as opposed to problem talk.
F. Applications
34. Narrative therapy can be applied to: (p. 469)
a. eating disorders.
b. depression.
c relationship concerns.
d. all of the above
35. Which of the following therapies is most recommended for the treatment of phobic disorders?
(p. 468)
a. behavior therapy
b. narrative therapy
c. existential therapy
d. rational emotive behavior therapy
e. solution-focused brief therapy
36. Which of the following approaches to therapy is based on the A-B-C theory of personality? (p. 468)
a. reality therapy
b. rational emotive behavior therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. solution-focused brief therapy
e. none of the above
37. Which of the following approaches is least likely to be applied to short-term crisis intervention? (p.
468)
a. existential therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. reality therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. cognitive-behavior therapy
38. Existential therapy can be especially helpful for: (p. 468)
a. individuals with phobic disorders.
b. children with behavior disorders.
c. patients in a mental hospital.
d. couples needing sex therapy.
e. individuals facing a transition in life.
39. Which of the following approaches to therapy is best suited for helping people to create an alternative
life story? (p. 469)
a. narrative therapy
b. psychoanalytic therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. behavior therapy
G. Contributions
40. One contribution of psychoanalytic therapy has been its: (p. 473)
a. subjective approach.
b. reliance on research for validation.
c. detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning.
d. emphasis on an I/Thou relationship.
41. Which of the following approaches is credited with an emphasis on assessment and evaluation? (p.
473)
a. behavior therapy
b. existential therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. reality therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
42. Which of the following approaches challenges social and cultural injustices that lead to oppression of
certain groups? (p. 471)
a. family systems therapy
b. psychoanalytic therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. narrative therapy
e. reality therapy
43. Which of the following approaches consists of simple and clear concepts and emphasizes the role of
choice? (p. 474)
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. reality therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. family systems therapy
44. One contribution of Adlerian therapy has been an emphasis on: (p. 473)
a. unconscious motivations.
b. empirical validation.
c. unleashing buried feelings.
d. precision.
e. social and psychological factors.
45. Which of the following approaches to therapy is noted for using numerous cognitive, emotive, and
behavioral techniques? (p. 474)
a. person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. narrative therapy
e. existential therapy
46. The negative impact of discrimination and oppression for both men and women has surfaced as a
result of: (p. 474)
a. rational emotive behavior therapy.
b. person-centered therapy.
c. family systems therapy.
d. feminist therapy.
H. Limitations
47. Some are critical of the “not–knowing” stance of the therapist and the negative stance on formal
diagnosis in which of these therapies? (p. 476)
a. behavior therapy
b. solution-focused therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. both (b) and (c)
e. Adlerian therapy
48. A limitation of reality therapy is that it: (p. 475)
a. consists of simple concepts that are easily grasped.
b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.
c. does not appeal to resistant clients.
d. has limited applicability.
e. goes along with the medical model of therapy.
49. A limitation of person-centered therapy is: (p. 475)
a. the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive.
b. the emphasis on complex ideas and concepts.
c. the lack of research to support the theory.
d. neglect of the value of the therapeutic relationship.
e. the overemphasis on unconscious factors.
50. A limitation of existential therapy is its: (p. 475)
a. emphasis on the therapist as an expert.
b. adherence to the medical model.
c. limited applicability to nonverbal clients.
d. use of simplistic concepts.
e. neglect of feelings.
51. A limitation of Gestalt therapy is that it: (p. 475)
a. does not allow for full expression of feelings.
b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.
c. completely ignores the past.
d. offers few techniques.
e. may neglect cognitive factors.
52. A limitation of behavior therapy is that it: (p. 475)
a. does not provide a basis for accountable practice.
b. does not identify specific problems.
c. does not make room for cognitive factors.
d. fails to explicitly define the role of the therapist.
e. none of the above
I. An Integrative Approach to Counseling Practice
53. Historically, counselors have been: (p. 448)
a. resistant to developing an integrated model of psychotherapy.
b. at war regarding the issues of the “best” methods of treatment.
c. quick to discount contributions of a competing theoretical model.
d. all of the above
54. A major difference between an eclectic and an integrated approach to counseling is: (p. 448)
a. eclectic approaches are dogmatic and an integrated approach is flexible.
b. eclectic approaches are susceptible to syncretism, while integrated approaches combine
techniques based on theoretical reasons.
c. eclectic approaches do not have the client’s best interest at heart.
d. integrated approaches require little forethought.
55. Which of the following approaches to integration refers to a conceptual creation beyond a mere
blending of techniques? (p. 450)
a. technical eclecticism
b. common factors approach
c. theoretical integration
d. assimilative integration
56. Technical eclecticism: (p. 450)
a. enables counselors to be creative with their treatments.
b. is aimed at finding the best intervention of a specific client’s problem.
c. enables counselors to use a variety of techniques without the dangers of combining
contradictory theoretical models.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
57. The common factors approach to psychotherapy integration: (p. 450)
a. searches for shared elements across different theoretical systems.
b. supports the notion of remaining theoretically consistent and technically eclectic.
c. synthesizes important aspects of two or more theories.
d. emphasizes the importance of spirituality in counseling.
58. In deciding which interventions will be most helpful for the client, the counselor practicing
integratively must: (p. 462)
a. consider the client’s cultural context.
b. consider the approach that relates most consistently to the client’s world view.
c. be willing to accept feedback from clients.
d. consider the client’s personality and motivation for change.
e. all of the above
59. Regarding psychotherapy outcome, research shows: (p. 477)
a. the behavioral approaches are more effective than the humanistic approaches.
b. there are clear factors that predict which models of therapy work best for particular
types of clients.
c. the therapeutic relationship is not a major contributor to therapeutic change.
d. no model of therapy has been proven more effective than another.
60. What is the current thinking in the field regarding the role of spirituality in counseling?
(p. 452)
a. There is growing evidence that spiritual practice promotes psychological well-being.
b. Counselors are encouraged to be cautious and engage in peripheral discussions only.
c. There is little interest in integrating spiritual issues in counseling.
d. Counselors should take a directive approach in helping clients meet their spiritual needs.
e. Spirituality and counseling should be kept separate.
ANSWER KEY FOR CHAPTER 15
MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST QUESTIONS