Chapter 13 : Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
True / False
1. The child savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who helped poor children.
a. True
b. False
2. Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children’s Aid Society.
a. True
b. False
3. The efforts of the child savers prompted the development of the first comprehensive juvenile court in 1899.
a. True
b. False
4. Early reform schools sought to rehabilitate juvenile offenders.
a. True
b. False
5. Acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses.
a. True
b. False
6. Schools may search student‘s possessions without a search warrant.
a. True
b. False
7. Federal courts have ruled that bail is guaranteed to juveniles.
a. True
b. False
8. Under the reverse waiver system, a judge can overrule a mandated waiver and decide that a youth shall be tried in
juvenile court.
a. True
b. False
9. Incarceration in a public facility is the most common formal sentence for juvenile offenders.
a. True
b. False
10. Most incarcerated juvenile offenders are held for status offenses.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 13 : Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
11. Most juvenile aftercare programs include probation
a. True
b. False
12. There are often three judicial hearings in the juvenile court process.
a. True
b. False
13. A study by Benjamin Steiner on the effect of waiver laws found that there is little effect on violent juvenile crime
rates.
a. True
b. False
14. The decision to waive a juvenile to adult criminal court is mostly based on the prosecutor and the state’s desire for
deterrence and punishment.
a. True
b. False
15. Federal courts have not found it necessary to rule on the issue of a juvenile ‘s constitutional right to bail.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 13 : Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
Multiple Choice
16. The juvenile justice system developed as a result of?
a. a desire to help and treat children
b. a desire to sanction the children not being punished in criminal justice
c. Roman laws
d. Stare decisis laws
17. The modern practice of legally separating adult criminals and juvenile offenders can be traced back to two
developments in English custom and law that occurred centuries ago, one of which is/are
a. The Carriers case b. Chancery Courts
c. In re Gault d. Parens Patriae
18. When did the House of Refuge in New York first open?
a. 1645 b. 1773
c. 1825 d. 1910
19. Which 19th century program was similar to a modern foster home?
a. The house of refuge b. The Children‘s Aid Society
c. The Child Savers United Agency d. The typical house of reformation
20. In its early form, what was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court?
a. Beyond a reasonable doubt b. Reasonable suspicion
c. Beyond a preponderance of evidence d. Absolute certainty
21. Modern development of legally separating adult and juvenile offenders can be traced to two developments in
English custom law, one is?
a. Legal rights of juveniles b. Parens Patriae
c. Psychological treatment of youth d. The need for judicial waiver
22. The approach of the early American juvenile court is best described as:
a. Paternalistic b. Adversarial
c. Investigative d. Due process oriented
23. What impact did the Supreme Court have on the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s?
a. It adopted a hands-off approach on most legal issues.
b. It adopted a conservative ideology that stressed victims‘ rights and punishment.
c. It adopted a liberal ideology that stressed a need for growth in program scope.
d. It radically altered the juvenile justice system through ruling that established due process rights for juveniles
that rivaled those in the adult court system.
24. Which of the following statements is false?
a. The Supreme Court has established the right of juveniles to receive due process of law.
b. Juveniles do not have the right to confront witnesses at trial.
c. Juveniles committing status offenses are not usually placed in secure detention facilities.
d. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 sought to deinstitutionalize status offenders .
25. The juvenile court labels ungovernable, habitually disobedient, and truant children to be:
a. status offenders. b. juvenile delinquents.
c. chancery children. d. deprived children.
26. Which of the following is a difference between juvenile and adult justice systems?
a. Discretion is used by police officers, judges, and correctional personnel.
b. The right to receive the Miranda warning
c. Community treatment as a sentencing option
d. The constitutional right to a jury trial in all states
27. About how many juvenile cases are processed and treated each year?
a. 1.6 million b. 2.6 million
c. 3.6 million d. 4.6 million
28. Which type of case is most likely to be referred to the juvenile court by the police officer?
a. A minor dispute between juveniles b. School and neighborhood complaints
c. Cases involving violence d. Petty shoplifting
29. What is considered to be the most difficult problem involving incriminatory statements made by juveniles during
the course of police questioning?
a. Whether the parents have to also be advised of their Miranda rights
b. Whether juveniles can intelligently waive their rights
c. Whether the language of the warning is too complex for the average teenager
d. Whether the police officer should use age-appropriate language when giving the Miranda warning
30. What term refers to the screening of cases by the juvenile justice system?
a. Diversion b. Waiver
c. Detention d. Intake
31. What is the most common formal sentence for juveniles?
a. Release to parental custody
b. Short term confinement in a private juvenile facility
c. Long term confinement in a state institution
d. Brief custody at the local jail
32. An adjustment for a juvenile is comparable to a(n) for an adult.
a. Plea bargain b. Indictment
c. Trial d. Sentence
33. Once a juvenile has been taken into custody, the child has the same Amendment rights to be free from
unreasonable searches and seizures as an adult does.
a. First b. Fourth
c. Fifth d. Eighth
34. Which of the following best explains the recent surge in the number of juvenile detentions?
a. An increase in juvenile court cases
b. A surge in the number of female violent offenders
c. A surge in the number of cases involving drugs and violence
d. All of these
35. A is used when the offense has been automatically waived to the adult court but the judge uses their
discretion to decide the youth will benefit from rehabilitation?
a. Judicial waiver b. Reverse waiver
c. Excluded offense waiver d. Intake waiver
36. In which case did the Court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice
process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings?
a. Kent v. United States b. McKiever v. Pennsylvania
c. Breed v. Jones d. New Jersey v. T.L.O.
37. Which judicial hearing in the juvenile court process is similar to arraignment in the adult system?
a. Fact-finding hearing b. Probationary hearing
c. Initial appearance hearing d. Disposition hearing
38. Under what system does the prosecutor have the discretion of filing charges for certain legislatively designated
offenses in either juvenile or criminal court?
a. Direct file waiver b. Excluded offense waiver
c. Judicial waiver d. Reverse waiver
39. What happens during the fact–finding hearing?
a. Evidence is heard.
b. The offender is adjudicated.
c. A bail decision is made.
d. The case is screened by probation officers.
40. What was the legal standard for a warrantless search of a school locker in New Jersey v. TLO?
a. Reasonable suspicion b. Probable cause
c. A warrant d. Clear and convincing evidence
41. What is the most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders?
a. Institutionalization b. Juvenile probation
c. Restitution d. Residential placement
42. Which of the following best describes a recent reform of juvenile sentencing?
a. Some jurisdictions have passed mandatory or determinate incarceration sentences for juveniles convicted of
serious felonies.
b. Making a concerted effort to remove status offenders from the juvenile justice system and restrict their entry
into institutional programs
c. Effort to standardize dispositions in juvenile court
d. All of these represent recent reforms related to juvenile sentencing.
43. Deinstitutionalization efforts are principally focused on which type of offenses?
a. Drug offenses b. Property offenses
c. Delinquency offenses d. Status offenses
44. What stage in the juvenile justice process is designed to help youths make the transition from residential or
institutional settings back into the community?
a. Intake b. Detention
c. Disposition d. Aftercare
45. Most juvenile aftercare involves:
a. Parole b. Probation
c. Community service d. Counseling
Shari is 16 years old. She used to get good grades but recently you notice that she is moody and unfocused in school
and often has trouble completing tasks. She has never been in trouble with the law but she has grown up in a socio-
economically challenged situation with very little family support. No one showed up for her last parent teacher
conference and you are concerned about her current situation at home.
46. Shari has just been taken into custody for skipping school and underage drinking. What does the juvenile system
accomplish by taking her off the street?
a. vior dire
b. lex talionis
c. in re gault
d. parens patriae
47. If Shari had grown up in the 1600’s before there was a formal juvenile justice system, what would Shari have been
considered as part of the poor laws?
a. wayward and destitute
b. child in need of supervision
c. person in need of supervision
d. status offender
48. Even though Shari was drinking underage, she has not violated any other criminal codes. Therefore, her case aligns
well with what concept in the juvenile system?
a. institutional programs
b. juvenile sentencing reform
c. reform schools
d. foster care
49. When Shari was taken into custody by the truancy officer, why did the officer have to call her parents before she
was questioned?
a. This is used instead of Miranda rights.
b. She is a child in need of supervision.
c. Because of in re Winship.
d. Juveniles have the same Miranda rights as adults.
Joquine is 16 years old and has 2 prior arrests on his record. He has a history of drug abuse and has been in and out
of counseling and diversion programs since he was 14. He has a stable home life, involved parents, he goes to
school, and seems to be well engaged in community activities when he is not hanging out with a couple of the
neighborhood kids that seem to cause a lot of trouble.
50. Joquine just committed a crime at school and the police have been called. Because he is a juvenile, what will happen
next?
a. He will be arrested.
b. He will be taken into custody.
c. He will be arraigned.
d. He will be adjudicated.
Chapter 13 : Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
51. A prosecutor has decided to charge Joquine for assault with a dangerous weapon. He was coerced by his friends
into bringing a hammer to school and attacking someone with it. He will be detained in a secure facility pending his
trial. What was likely one of the main reasons why they kept Joquine in custody this time?
a. He is a danger to his family.
b. He is a repeat offender.
c. The need to protect him.
d. He needs to detox.
52. While awaiting his adjudication, Joquine goes to school and enrolls in a counseling program for anger management
and peer influences. When will he learn his disposition?
a. when he is indicted
b. after adjudication in a separate hearing
c. after intake during the bail hearing
d. at the adjudication hearing
53. While in detention, Joquine makes a weapon out of a piece of his bunk bed frame and gets into an altercation with
another boy who ends up in the hospital with multiple stab wounds. The Judge has decided that the juvenile system
can no longer help Joquine. What are his choices?
a. judicial waiver
b. direct file waiver
c. sentence him to prison
d. involuntary commitment
Chapter 13 : Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
Shelby grew up in a hurry. As a baby, she was quick to walk and talk. As a teenager, she was quick to date, to
drink, and to experiment with drugs. She was found skipping class and smoking marijuana by the school resource
officer. Shelby’s parents have been divorced since she was six, when her dad went to prison for grand theft auto.
When her mom is around, which isn’t that often, sometimes her mom gets high with her.
54. After Shelby was taken into custody, before determining what happened next, the police and a social worker took a
detailed history of Shelby’s home and school life. Dating back to the beginning of the juvenile courts, why has there
been so much emphasis placed on how juveniles grow up?
a. family advocacy
b. the poor laws
c. “best interests of the child”
d. disproportionate minority contact
55. As Shelby’s home life leaves much to be desired, and this is her first offense, what disposition will help Shelby the
most?
a. probation
b. placement with relatives
c. drug treatment
d. reform school
56. is the result of decision of a judge ordering an adjudicated and sentenced juvenile to be
placed in a correctional facility
57. Juvenile offenders who commit serious crimes may be to adult court.
58. The term “agree to a finding” is used in place of when plea bargaining juvenile cases.
59. Most incarcerated youths are , , or offenders
60. An adjudication is also called a(n) hearing.
61. The is the proceeding in which the court decides on the most appropriate treatment for
a delinquent.
62. Some believe a “ ” approach will mostly affect minority youths and enmesh them in an already unfair
system
63. means removing non–criminal youths convicted on status offenses from institutions
housing delinquents.
64. marks the final stage of the formal juvenile justice process.
65. In the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O., the court determined that the Amendment
applies to school searches.
66. A is the same thing as a prison in the adult criminal system.
67. In a the prosecutor has the discretion of filing charges in either juvenile or criminal court.
68. Before trial, prosecutors in the juvenile courts may attempt to negotiate a settlement to the case. This is called
in the juvenile system.
69. The philosophy called the has been in effect since 2000 and still operates today.
70. Brought to England from the American colonies
and destitute children.
and chancery courts mandated care for wayward
Chapter 13 : Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
Essay
71. Discuss the history and development of juvenile justice. Include a discussion of the child savers and their vision of
juvenile justice.
72. Discuss the shifts in U.S. juvenile justice philosophy that began in the 1960s.
Chapter 13 : Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-First Century
73. Compare and contrast the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system.
74. Discuss the factors that are believed to be significant in police decision making regarding juvenile offenders.
75. Discuss the legal rights of juveniles, including specific reference to relevant legal cases.
76. Explain the four ways states allow juveniles to be tried as adults in the criminal courts.
77. What are the major factors influencing the decision to waive a juvenile into adult court?
78. Discuss the three reform efforts that have been undertaken in the area of juvenile sentencing. How might these
reforms change the juvenile justice system?
79. Summarize the arguments for and against retaining the juvenile court. Discuss the potential ramifications of the
demise of the juvenile court.
80. Discuss three problems with the current structure of the juvenile court. Can the juvenile court system sustain itself
and dispense justice if these problems continue?