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True / False
1. More than half of all-male inmates are held in minimum-security prisons.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The Prison Rape Reduction Act was established in 2003.
a.
True
b.
False
3. New inmates are often called “newjacks.”
a.
True
b.
False
4. Male inmates with a history of prearrest drug use and those who have been incarcerated for violent crimes are
the ones most likely to get involved in assaults and drug/alcohol offenses while in prison.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Approximately 4 percent of state and federal prison inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of
sexual victimization by another inmate or correctional staff in the past 12 months.
a.
True
b.
False
6. The typical woman behind bars has a history of abuse and is incarcerated for low-level drug or property
offenses.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among state and federal prisoners has stabilized
at around 2 percent.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Most female inmates are women of color with small children.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The inmate balance theory of the cause of collective violence suggests that riots and other forms of collective
action occur when prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Conflict, violence, and brutality increase among inmates in direct relation to their housing security and
custody level.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The federal government has passed legislation criminalizing staff sexual misconduct against inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
12. In the most significant legal case concerning medical rights, the entire Alabama prison system’s medical
facilities were declared inadequate.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Before the 1960s, it was the norm for convicted criminals to forfeit all rights and be declared civilly dead in
the eyes of the state.
a.
True
b.
False
14. African–American inmates often suffer discrimination within the prison itself.
a.
True
b.
False
15. “Be sharp and don’t be a sucker” is one element of the inmate social code.
a.
True
b.
False
16. Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, a warden can decide that an inmate’s lawsuit is frivolous and malicious; they
can “strike” it down.
a.
True
b.
False
17. To slow down prison litigation that clogs the federal courts, Congress passed the Prison Litigation Reform Act in
1996, which requires prisoners to exhaust all internal administrative grievance procedures before filing a civil rights case
in federal court.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Homosexual men are the largest target population for sexual violence and assault in the male-dominated, single-
gendered institutions.
a.
True
b.
False
19. About 75 percent of female inmates have used drugs at some time in their lives.
a.
True
b.
False
20. One form of adaption to a female prison is the creation of the make-believe family.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Very few prison facilities use some mode of treatment for inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
22. Research has shown that inmates involved in religious programs and education while incarcerated do better following
release than those in comparison groups, but the differences quickly erode.
a.
True
b.
False
23. The first prison treatment programs were drug treatment programs.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Female correctional officers often find that an assignment to a male institution can boost their career.
a.
True
b.
False
25. About 75 percent of released prisoners are arrested for a new crime within 3 years.
a.
True
b.
False
26. Releasees who maintain criminal peer associations are more likely to fail on parole.
a.
True
b.
False
27. Incarceration reduces an individual’s annual earnings by 40 percent, taking a heavy economic toll.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
28. The fact that prisons have inmates locked within their walls, are under constant scrutiny, and are forced to
obey rules refers to the concept of:
a.
a total institution.
b.
the secure jail.
c.
a complete secure policy.
d.
the total penitentiary.
29. What is the most typical emotion felt by most inmates during the early part of their prison stay?
a.
Anger
b.
Depression
c.
Hate
d.
Defeat
30. What factor is said to have precipitated the “new” inmate culture?
a.
Determinate sentencing practices
b.
The growing crack cocaine epidemic
c.
The Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s
d.
Increasing levels of prison overcrowding
31. In the “new” inmate culture:
a.
there is more importation of outside values and norms.
b.
African–American and Latino inmates are more organized than whites.
c.
more inmates than ever before are assigned to protective custody.
d.
All of the above are characteristic of the new inmate culture.
32. What was the predominant societal view of female inmates at the turn of the twentieth century?
a.
Depraved people who flaunted conventional rules of female behavior.
b.
Hardened criminals similar to their male counterparts.
c.
Sinners in need of religion.
d.
Witches who should be burned at the stake.
33. What is the most common outcome for children when a single mother is sent to prison?
a.
They are temporarily sent to a foster home or state facility.
b.
They are permanently removed from her custody and put up for adoption.
c.
They are placed in the care of a relative or family friend.
d.
They are housed in a prison nursery.
34. Research has shown that inmates involved in ____________ do better following release than those in
comparison groups.
a.
group treatment
b.
anger management
c.
faith-based programs
d.
prison enterprise programs
35. Which is false regarding the sexual exploitation of female inmates?
a.
The acts are usually perpetrated by male members of the prison staff.
b.
The acts usually go unreported.
c.
Most of the acts are consensual due to isolation and loneliness.
d.
The majority of states have passed laws criminalizing staff sexual misconduct.
36. The desire for warm, stable relationships that are otherwise unobtainable in the prison environment often
leads the female inmate to:
a.
engage in self-mutilation behavior.
b.
develop elaborate black market economies.
c.
create make-believe families.
d.
marry prison guards and staff.
37. What is one commonly used method for treating drug-dependent inmates in today’s prisons?
a.
Solitary confinement
b.
Therapeutic communities
c.
Work furloughs
d.
Milieu therapy
38. What type of treatment program flourished under the Bush administration?
a.
Behavior modification
b.
Milieu therapy
c.
Therapeutic community
d.
Faith-based rehabilitation
39. The first prison treatment programs in the United States were:
a.
religious.
b.
therapeutic.
c.
psychological.
d.
education.
40. What is the best estimate of the rate of HIV infection among state and federal prison inmates?
a.
2 percent
b.
5 percent
c.
10 percent
d.
25 percent
41. Which is not a common form of inmate vocational program in use today?
a.
Work release
b.
Private prison enterprise
c.
Furlough programs
d.
Convict-leasing
42. In adapting to a female institution, a common practice is:
a.
resorting to extreme violence and victimization.
b.
marrying other inmates while in the employ of the state department of corrections.
c.
becoming a snitch for the correctional officers.
d.
self-mutilation or carving.
43. Which is not a factor contributing to individual violence in prison?
a.
History of prior violence
b.
Age
c.
Psychological factors
d.
Prison mismanagement
44. Which theory of collective inmate violence attributes the problem to abrupt crackdowns or changes in
inmate freedoms that are implemented by prison administrators?
a.
The administrative control theory
b.
The responsibility theory
c.
The inmate balance theory
d.
The hands-off doctrine
45. The “hands-off doctrine” refers to:
a.
the inmate code for handling prison snitches.
b.
the passive federal court approach to inmate complaints prior to the 1960s.
c.
a correctional policy of segregating HIV-infected inmates from the mainstream population.
d.
the court ruling that forbid the use of corporal punishment in prison.
46. According to the ____ theory, collective violence may also be caused by prison mismanagement, lack of
strong security, and inadequate control of prison officials.
a.
administrative control
b.
administrative balance
c.
inmate administrative
d.
inmate balance
47. What was the most widely used device or legislation to bring prisoners’ complaints before state and federal
courts in the late 1960s?
a.
The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment
b.
The dictates of the Percy Amendment
c.
The National Corrections Act of 1965
d.
The Federal Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. 1983
48. Courts have ruled that inmates are entitled to have legal materials and resources available to assist them in
filing complaints, which includes:
a.
a trained and bar-certified lawyer employed by prison/jail.
b.
law students who are willing to donate their time to assist inmates.
c.
a law professor from a local school who is paid to assist inmates.
d.
an inmate who can assist in legal matters, sometime called a jailhouse lawyer.
49. Which case forced the Corrections Department to upgrade prison medical facilities?
a.
Procunier v. Martinez
b.
Nolan v. Fitzpatrick
c.
Newman v. Alabama
d.
Bounds v. Smith
50. Withholding medical treatment is a violation of the ____ Constitutional Amendment.
a.
First
b.
Fourth
c.
Eighth
d.
Fourteenth
51. In recent years, the view of correctional officers has changed to the one where they:
a.
have the most dangerous job in the United States.
b.
are seen as ruthless and individuals that enjoy their power.
c.
are viewed as public servants.
d.
are social workers.
52. Which is false about the effectiveness of parole?
a.
More than half of incarcerated offenders return to prison shortly after their release.
b.
Rearrest of offenders is most common in the first 6 months after release.
c.
Sixty percent of parolees return to prison within 3 years of their release.
d.
The failure rate of parolees has dramatically decreased over the past 10 years.
53. Which factors have been linked to recidivism?
a.
A history of physical and sexual abuse
b.
Maintenance of criminal peer association
c.
Harboring of aggressive feelings
d.
All of the above have been linked to recidivism.
54. Which is not a right that is lost by convicted felons?
a.
The right to remain married (divorce can be granted to the spouse)
b.
The right to hold public office
c.
Parental rights
d.
Medical rights
55. In which 1994 case did the court rule that prison officials are legally liable if, knowing that an inmate faces a
serious risk of harm, they disregard that risk by failing to take measures to avoid or reduce it?
a.
Cooper v. Pate
b.
Shaw v. Murphy
c.
Estelle v. Gamble
d.
Farmer v. Brennan
