True / False
1. Poachers typically lived in the country and supplemented their diet and income with game that belonged to a
landlord.
a. True
b. False
2. The criminaloid” describes the kind of person who hides behind his or her image as a pillar of the community and
paragon of virtue to get personal gain through any means necessary.
a. True
b. False
3. Exploiters force victims to pay for services to which victims have no clear right.
a. True
b. False
4. Payola is a form of influence peddling in business.
a. True
b. False
5. Organizational or corporate crime involves illegal business practices such as price fixing, restraint of trade, and false
advertising.
a. True
b. False
6. The rationalization/neutralization view can be used to explain the collapse of Enron.
a. True
b. False
7. Hirschi and Gottfredson have collected data showing that the demographic distribution of white-collar crime is similar
to other crimes.
a. True
b. False
8. Criminologists suspect that most property and theft-related crimes are the work of professional criminals.
a. True
b. False
9. The original common-law definition of larceny required a “trespass in the taking.”
a. True
b. False
10. Petit larceny involves small amounts of money or property and is punished as a misdemeanor.
a. True
b. False
11. Snitches are professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise to fences.
a. True
b. False
12. The most serious and heavily punished form of burglary involves nighttime forced entry into a home.
a. True
b. False
13. One example of arson fraud involves a business owner burning her or his property to escape financial problems.
a. True
b. False
14. According to the biocentric approach, environmental harm is viewed as any human activity that disrupts a
biosystem.
a. True
b. False
15. It has been conclusively shown that illegal logging does little to actually exhaust forest, destroy wildlife, or damage
its habitats.
a. True
b. False
16. The smuggling of wildlife across national borders is called human trafficking.
a. True
b. False
17. The dumping of toxic chemicals such as kepone, vinyl chloride, or mercury into the soil is known as criminal
environmental pollution.
a. True
b. False
18. The green crime theory, which states violators of environmental laws seek quick benefits with minimal effort, is
taken from the rational choice view.
a. True
b. False
19. Compliance strategies rely on the threat of economic sanctions or civil penalties to control potential violators.
a. True
b. False
20. The Clean Water Act is designed to protect and recover endangered and threatened species of fish, wildlife, and
plants.
a. True
b. False
Multiple Choice
21. Crimes of the marketplace are referred to as
organized crime.
a. venture
b. enterprise
c. business
d. industry
crime and include white-collar crime, cyber crime and
22. In the late 1930s, the distinguished criminologist
the criminal activities of the rich and powerful.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Edwin Lemert
d. Edwin Sutherland
first used the phrase “whitecollar crime” to describe
23. involves illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is profit through
legitimate business transactions.
a. Organized crime
b. Enterprise crime
c. White–collar crime
d. Cyber crime
24. To promote the arrest of amateur and professional shoplifters, a number of states have passed laws that are
designed to protect retailers and their employees from lawsuits stemming from improper or false arrests of suspected
shoplifters.
a. merchant privilege
b. consumer privilege
c. clerk privilege
d. arrest privilege
25. A pyramid scheme is one type of
out of their money.
a. corporate crime
b. white-collar fraud
c. financial chiseling
d. employee fraud
whereby people use their institutional or business position to trick others
26. One form of involves “payola” – record companies paying radio stations to play songs without making
listeners aware of the bribes.
a. pilferage
b. management fraud
c. influence peddling
d. tying arrangement
27. Pharmacists have been known to alter prescriptions or substitute low-cost generic drugs for more expensive name
brands. This is an example of which category of white-collar crime?
a. professional chiseling
b. churning
c. employee fraud
d. influence peddling
28. Bernard Madoff has been referred to as the greatest of all time.
a. influence peddler
b. pilferer
c. exploiter
d. financial chiseler
29. “Pingponging, “gang visits,” and “steering” are forms of which type of white-collar crime?
a. blue-collar fraud
b. management fraud
c. securities fraud
d. health care fraud
30. What is the minimum dollar amount necessary before fraud exists in the crime of tax evasion?
a. $100
b. $1,000
c. $10,000
d. There is no minimum dollar amount.
31. In 1907, sociologist E. A. Ross described the “criminaloid:” a business leader who, while enjoying immunity from the
law, victimized an unsuspecting public. Today, Ross’s criminaloid refers to one who commits
a. influence peddling.
b. securities fraud.
c. corporate crime.
d. tax evasion.
32. In his research on fraud, Cressey found that the view allowed professionals to excuse their criminal
behavior since, “all people steal when they get in a tight spot.”
a. corporate greed
b. rationalization/neutralization
c. corporate culture
d. self-control
33. According to the view, some business organizations promote white-collar criminality in the same way that
lower-class culture encourages the development of juvenile gangs and street crimes.
a. corporate greed
b. rationalization/neutralization
c. corporate culture
d. self-control
34. Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson claim white-collar crime is relatively rare because, as a matter of course,
business executives tend to hire people with
a. business experience.
b. self-control.
c. strong morals.
d. cultural values.
35. Embezzlement occurs when someone who is trusted with property fraudulently converts it. What do we know
about embezzlement?
a. The number of people arrested for embezzlement has decreased in the past decade.
b. Moving property without an owner’s consent is legally defined as embezzlement.
c. Embezzlement goes back to ancient Greece.
d. Third World countries are immune to embezzlement due to their poverty and lack of economy.
36. False pretenses or fraud differs from traditional larceny because
a. false pretenses requires a “trespass in the taking.”
b. the offender has lawful possession but not legal ownership of the possessions.
c. the victims willingly give their possessions to the offender.
d. false pretenses requires constructive intent.
37. Tricking a victim into thinking a fraudulent contract is from a legitimate vendor because it has a familiar look is an
example of
a. piecemeal fraud
b. client fraud
c. contract fraud
d. representation fraud
38. English judges created the concept of constructive possession to get around the element of
a. intent in the taking.
b. deceit in the taking.
c. trespass in the taking.
d. trespass in the taking.
39. thieves are opportunistic amateurs who steal because of situational inducements.
a. Occasional
b. Booster
c. Naive
d. Systemic
40. An acquaintance stole a Dodge Charger and drove around for a few hours showing off the Charger and acting like
its owner. What type of amateur auto theft did your acquaintance commit?
a. joy riding
b. carjacking
c. short-term transportation
d. interim auto theft
41. A new form of professional auto theft is called and involves stealing VIN plates from a luxury auto on a
dealer lot and placing the stolen VIN plate on an identical luxury vehicle stolen from a mall or parking lot.
a. tagging
b. vinning
c. plating
d. cloning
42. Most states have changed the legal requirements for burglary, removing the element of “forced entry.” What is entry
via deceit legally considered?
a. constructive breaking
b. destructive breaking
c. fraudulent breaking
d. falsified breaking
43. Why do most state jurisdictions punish burglary as a felony?
a. Because, historically, a “man’s home is his castle.”
b. Because, legally, one’s home is afforded greater protection under the U.S. Constitution.
c. Because, unlike an auto, an individual’s home is considered a permanent belonging.
d. Because the potential for harm to the occupants is so significant.
44. Why do most state jurisdictions punish burglary as a felony?
a. Because, historically, a “man’s home is his castle.”
b. Because, legally, one’s home is afforded greater protection under the U.S. Constitution.
c. Because, unlike an auto, an individual’s home is considered a permanent belonging.
d. Because the potential for harm to the occupants is so significant.
45. Neal Shover studied the careers of professional burglars finding key requirements of “the good burglar.” Which is
not one of those key requirements?
a. cultivating a ring of bail bond agents
b. having inside information
c. cultivating fences or buyers
d. learning the needed skills
46. Female and male burglars show similar offending patterns but specific gender differences do exist. Which is one of
those differences?
a. Female burglars are more likely to work with a partner.
b. Female burglars are more likely to be repeat or recurrent offenders.
c. Female burglars begin offending at an earlier age.
d. Female burglars have a greater risk of being caught.
47. Differences between female and male include all of the following differences except:
a. Female have lower arrest rates than males
b. Females have lower representation than males do in serious crime categories.
c. Males commit more crime, and females commit less.
d. Males have a higher arrest rate than do females for prostitution.
48. Eliminating business competition by burning out rivals is a form of
a. psychological arson
b. arson for profit
c. juvenile fire setting.
d. industrial arson
49. are otherwise respectable persons who do not conceive of themselves as thieves but systematically steal
merchandise for their own use.
a. Heels
b. Occasional criminals
c. Boosters
d. Snitches
50. strategies rely on the punishment of individual offenders to deter other would–be violators.
a. Deterrence
b. Compellence
c. Aggressive
d. Proactive
On March 12, 2009, financier Bernard Madoff pled guilty to an 11-count criminal complaint, charging him with
violating the antifraud provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the
Investment Advisers Act of 1940. At his hearing, Madoff admitted that he had defrauded thousands of investors in
the nation’s most elaborate financial crime. On June 29, 2009, Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison, a life
sentence. Madoff’s Ponzi scheme has been estimated to have cost clients some $65 billion, maybe the largest
criminal conspiracy in history.
51. The type of crime Madoff perpetrated was a(n)
a. swindle
b. embezzlement
c. client fraud
d. corporate crime
52. More specifically, Madoff had conducted a , bilking billions from unsuspecting customers.
a. Ponzi scheme
b. illegal dumping
c. burglary
d. credit card theft
53. Madoff‘s clients included director Steven Spielberg, actors John Malkovich and Kevin Bacon, Harvard University
Endowment, among others. Madoff used his position and his clients’ names to snare more victims. This pattern
approximates what type of criminal?
a. a criminaloid
b. an exploiter
c. a financial chiseler
d. an android
54. Madoff conducted his criminal operation for decades. According to the textbook, Madoff would be considered
a(n)
a. professional criminal
b. occasional criminal
c. petit criminal
d. green criminal
55. Madoff received a sentence of 150 years for his crimes. Already elderly, Madoff is destined to die in prison.
This type of sentence is an example of
a. deterrence
b. compliance
c. inducement
d. plea bargaining
On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, killing11 platform workers and injuring
17 others. The rig was built by Hyundai Heavy Industries of Korea, owned by the Transocean Drilling Corporation,
the drilling overseen by Halliburton, and leased by BP (formerly British Petroleum), in order to drill a deepwater
(5,000 feet below the surface) rig in the Gulf of Mexico. BP, facing billions in civil fines, offered to place $20 billion
in an escrow account to cover damages. The leak was finally stopped in August 2010. On June 1, 2010, the Obama
administration announced that it had launched a criminal probe in order to “prosecute to the fullest extent of the law”
any persons or companies that broke the law in the time leading up to the spill.
56. The type of crime this company perpetrated was a(n)
a. green-collar
b. white-collar
c. blue–collar
d. gold-collar
57. The environmental damage resulting from the spewed oil from Deepwater Horizon would reflect which green-
crime perspective?
a. biocentric
b. legalistic
c. environmental justice
d. pollution violator
58. Green–collar crime can take may different forms. The fact that human lives were lost when the platform exploded
makes the event which form of green-crime?
a. worker safety
b. illegal dumping
c. biotoxic
d. illegal polluting
59. Officials at BP and the company itself faced heavy fines, as well as civil and criminal suits. This type of legal and
financial jeopardy is an example of what type of control?
a. deterrence
b. compliance
c. inducement
d. plea bargaining
60. If, as had been alleged, executives at BP pressured others to take dangerous shortcuts when it came to quality and
safety, then the theory which would best explain the criminal actions of BP would be
a. rational choice: greed
b. rational choice: need
c. cultural view
d. self-control view
In 2012, employees of Timeshare Mega Media were charged in a massive telemarketing scheme to defraud
timeshare owners who were trying to sell their properties. Mega Media sales people contacted owners who because
of the economic downturn were desperate to sell their units. Victims were pressured into a quick decision by sales
reps who falsely claimed that there was a buyer waiting in the wings, either on the other line or in the office. Owners
were then required to pay an upfront fee—anywhere from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars—supposedly to
cover transaction costs. But, there were never any buyers and the employees pocketed the upfront fees.
61. The type of crime this company perpetrated was a(n)
a. larceny
b. embezzlement
c. client fraud
d. credit card theft
62. According to the textbook, the crime discussed in the preface would be a
a. blue-collar crime
b. white-collar crime
c. crime against humanity
d. green-crime
63. The criminal actions of Timeshare Mega Media would be considered white-crime if
a. the company actually existed as a legitimate business
b. the company had executive board members running it
c. the company had not fired the criminal employees
d. the company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange
64. The theory which would best explain the criminal actions of Timeshare Mega Media would be
a. rational choice: greed
b. rational choice: need
c. cultural view
d. self-control view
65. What type of larceny would be involved with this type of crime?
a. grand larceny
b. petit larceny
c. client larceny
d. federal larceny
66. Identify and discuss the three major areas of enterprise crime.
67. Discuss and provide examples of employee fraud, management fraud, and client fraud.
68. Which of the three causal theories of white-collar crime best explains the sub-prime mortgage scandal and why?
69. Theft of personal property has been known throughout recorded history. Discuss the rich history of theft offenses.
70. Discuss the factors that differentiate petit or petty larceny from grand larceny.
71. What is green-collar crime and identify and discuss several of its forms.
72. What is the difference between rational-choice greed and rational choice need?
73. What is the difference between deterrence and compliance when controlling green and white-collar crimes?
74. Describe what a Ponzi scheme is and the significance of Bernie Madoff.
75. Discuss the differences between business frauds, swindles, and exploitation.
76. According to the
perspective, environmental crimes are violations of existing criminal laws designed to
protect people, the environment or both.
77. According to the
biosystem. approach, environmental harm is viewed as any human activity that disrupts a
78. Endangering the lives of their own workers by maintaining unsafe conditions in their plants and mines is an example
of crimes.
79. Disposing of hazardous wastes in illegal dump sites is called
80. Some people turn to crime to fulfill an overwhelming or psychological need.
81. The establishes and maintains goals and standards for U.S. water quality and purity.
82. The major enforcement arm against environmental crimes is the .
83. The willful, malicious, burning of a home, building, or vehicle is the definition of
84. fire setters shows that their acts are often associated with antisocial behavior and psychopathology.
85. Under English common law,
or consent.
was defined as the taking of another person’s property without their permission