Chapter Ten Test Bank Questions
1. Given the interactional nature of the counseling process, the American Psychological
Association (2004) concluded that:
a. the present emphasis on multiculturalism hinders counselors from recognizing the
many similarities that exist among ethnic groups.
b. all counselor-client relationships are, in fact, multicultural.
c. more focus should be on general counseling skill and less on implications of
multiculturalism.
d. training in multiculturalism conflicts with creating sensitivity to individual
differences.
2. Multiculturalism has been referred to as the ___________ force in counseling.
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. fourth
3. In 1973, which of the following declared that the practice of counseling ethnically
different clients without special training was unethical.
a. American Psychological Association’s Vail Conference
b. The Community Mental Health Centers Act
c. The American Mental Health Counselors Association Code of Ethics (1976)
d. Brown v. State of Missouri (1977)
4. Which of the following statements reflect the current ethical standards of ACA and
AMHCA?
a. Their professional members may not engage in any form of discriminatory
behavior based on the client’s age, skin color, culture, gender, or sexual
orientation.
b. Counselors must understand the diverse cultural backgrounds of the clients with
whom they work.
c. Mental health and community counselors must respect diversity and resist
discriminatory practices.
d. all of the above.
5. Regarding multicultural concerns, which of the following statements accurately reflects
the accreditation standards of CACREP?
a. CACREP standards address the contents of courses only.
b. Graduate programs in counseling are granted academic freedom to self-govern the
extent to which they conform to the standards of the ACA.
c. Academic programs are called upon to design recruitment and retention strategies
for the employment of faculty that reflect societal diversity.
d. CACREP standards do not address the interaction of multicultural training and
clinical experiences.
6. The term ethnicity can always be considered as a synonym for term race.
a. true
b. false
7. Which of the following terms refers to shared patterns of learned behavior that are
transmitted across generations of a particular group?
a. race
b. ethnic group
c. culture
d. racial identity theory
8. Which of the following concepts involves the use of power and position to treat others
differentially on the basis of perceived racial differences between or among groups?
a. prejudice
b. racism
c. discrimination
d. stereotyping
9. ________________ takes place when the policies of an organization place one ethnic
group in a position of power and advantage over another ethnic group.
a. Stereotyping
b. Institutional racism
c. Discrimination
d. Individual racism
10. Mental health professionals resist assimilating to multicultural training, which can be
expressed as:
a. Internal dialogue
b. Discrimination
c. Emotional experience
d. Both (a) and (c)
11. Counselors who are culturally encapsulated:
a. tend to be more sensitive to the differences in worldview that may exist in
therapeutic relationships.
b. hold sets of cultural assumptions that tend to be more inclusive of other
perspectives than non-culturally encapsulated counselors.
c. rarely recognize the need to test the validity of their personal presuppositions.
d. have had significant life experiences in multicultural contexts.
12. Most traditional theories of counseling tend to accept without question:
a. the autonomous, self-preoccupied individual as being the primary psychological
entity in assessment and treatment.
b. Eastern assumptions regarding the nature of reality.
c. a communal view of mental health and pathology.
d. the implications of cultural pluralism.
13. The major distinction most traditional counseling theories make between physical and
psychological disorders is universally held.
a. true
b. false
14. Which of the following categories of disorders is not included in the DSM–IV-TR?
a. mood disorders
b. personality disorders
c. culture-bound syndromes
d. gender identity disorders
15. Negative bias or religious indifference can lead a counselor to:
a. Negatively impact clients’ spirituality
b. To discount
16. Feeling good about self tends to be a common goal of counseling that is universally
accepted.
a. true
b. false
17. Which of the following conditions can be systemic barriers to obtaining counseling
services for underserved populations?
a. scheduling individual sessions with children
b. strict adherence to 50-minute sessions
c. unavailability of affordable or reliable transportation
d. all of the above
18. Counselors who communicate genuineness, unconditional acceptance and empathic
understanding to diverse clients:
a. can assume that such clients will experience strong trust for them.
b. set conditions within sessions that are conducive to the personal growth for all
clients regardless of cultural background.
c. may be mistrusted by virtue of being a symbol of societal power to the minority
client.
d. is at risk of committing fundamental attribution errors.
19. Mental health professionals who display confirmation bias tend to:
a. project their thoughts and feelings on clients from diverse cultures.
b. seek out data during assessment phases of treatment that confirm their preexisting
schemes.
c. underdiagnose persons of minority status.
d. possess accurate self-awareness,
20. According to racial/cultural identity development theory, minority persons who moves
toward and endorses the values and lifestyles of their minority group is in the _______
stage.
a. conformity
b. dissonance
c. resistance and immersion
d. introspection
21. Differences in levels of cultural assimilation between generations within a family may
result in:
a. increased family conflict.
b. culturally-sensitive counselors recognizing the presence of parental rigidity in the
family system.
c. the onset of oppositional defiant disorder in the child.
d. increased harmony within the family system.
22. There is always a strong positive relationship between the ethnographic description of a
cultural group and the specific psychological make-up of an individual from that culture.
a. true
b. false
23. All counseling is cross-cultural.
a. true
b. false
24. Counseling is a culture-bound profession.
a. true
b. false
25. According to Arredondo, there are three dimensions of personal identity. The __
dimension involves personal characteristics that are less visible such as religion and work
experience.
a. A
b. B
c. C
26. It is the client’s responsibility to inform professional counselors on his/her cultural
background to improve the counselor’s awareness.
a. True
b. False
27. Tony comes to counseling with multiple heritages. He is looking to find a group to
which he can identify. According to the Multiple Heritage Identity Development model
(MHID), Tony is in what stage?
a. Recognition
b. Awareness
c. Acceptance
d. Experimentation
Essay Questions
1. Identify and briefly describe the five stages of racial/cultural identity development theory.
What do you see as its primary applications in the process of counseling?
2. Discuss how specific policies and procedures common to the operation of mental health
agencies may function as barriers that hinder service accessibility for particular ethnic,
cultural or societal groups.
3. What is meant by the concept multiple identities? Discuss what implications this concept may
have for the practice of multicultural counseling.
4. Discuss what it means to possess multicultural counselor competencies? Identify the two
interaction dimensions and the four quadrants that result. In what ways does this model bring
to light the manner in which power, privilege, and oppression might operate within counseling
relationships?
5. CACREP has identified social and cultural diversity as one of the common core areas.
Discuss what CACREP expects from counselor education programs as students prepare to be
professionals in mental health counseling.
Test Bank Multiple Choice Answer Key