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Geertz admits that the concept of culture as systems of shared meanings is somewhat
vague and difficult to grasp.
Behavioral scientists experimentally test theories by trying to find ways to refute them.
According to Giles, desire for social approval and personal identity likely result in a
communicator's desire to diverge.
Extreme positions and high ego-involvement go together and are found toward the ends
of the scale.
Hirokawa warns that groups addressing tasks with a negative bias may have trouble
successfully solving problems.
Fisher maintains that offering good reasons has more to do with telling a compelling
story than it does with piling up evidence or constructing a tight argument.
While it can lead toward organization, communication can disorganize as well.
Tannen's research indicates thatdespite the prevailing mythologywomen talk less than
men do in private conversations.
There is no "me" at birth.
Springfield ReManufacturing Corporation (SRC) provides a clear-cut example of
effective managerialism.
McLuhan proposed that we have entered the digital age.
Geertz believes that an effective manager can manufacture a culture to suit
management's needs.
Personal identity and social identity are synonymous terms for the group memberships
that people uses to define themselves.
To put cognitive dissonance theory into practice, a salesperson should employ the hard
sell.
There is not universal agreement about the criteria for good interpretive theory.
Social information processing theory focuses on the personal information available
through CMC and the effects on relational development without addressing impression
formation.
Media examples should fit under only one category in Rubin's typology.
The effect of even powerful peripheral cues is usually short-lived.
A good interpretive theory should be aesthetically pleasing.
Two people who locate a particular statement at the same position on a continuum may
differ considerably around that point.
The rate of social penetration will depend on the surplus of rewards over cost.
Pacanowsky has demonstrated that scholars can use fictional formats to convey the
results of their research.
SIP theory suggests that there is a 4-to-1 ratio of how long it takes communicate social
information via CMC compared to face-to-face.
Dissonance is likely if the decision at hand will be difficult to reverse.
Simplicity and repetition aid in elaboration.
By definition, no relationship can exist unless the parties involved sacrifice some
autonomy.
Members of individualistic cultures tend to rely on the conflict resolution technique of
dominating.
For a healthy relationship, aesthetic accomplishments occur often and for long
durations of time.
While some aspects of corporate culture are long-lasting and difficult to control, shared
meanings are relatively easy to dispel.
Tannen maintains that men usually are more comfortable with conflict.
German philosopher Georg Hegel's analysis of the master-slave relationship
demonstrated that what people "know" depends upon what group they are in.
Counteractive communication is used by group members to move the group back on
track.
For resonance to occur, an individual must have had a firsthand experience with
physical violence.
Hall claims that survey research can be useful in explaining the power of multinational
corporations over consumers.
Social constructionists emphasize certainty over curiosity.
Deetz's endorsement of strategy, consent, involvement, and participation provides the
core of his critique of managerialism.
Behavioral scientists are likely to describe human conduct using phrases such as "in
order that" or 'so that," whereas interpretive scholars will describe events using the
phrase "because of."
A story has narrative fidelity when it provides a logic of good reasons to guide our
future actions.
______________ is the effect or outcome of a communication message.
A.A meaning-filled reply
B.A successful response
C.Any cognitive, emotional, or behavioral response
D.Symbolic exchange
The threshold above which an outcome seems attractive is called the
A.reward level.
B.comparison level of alternatives.
C.comparison level.
D.satisfaction level.
Aristotle's Rhetoric has been criticized because
A.he neglects the role of the enthymeme in persuasion.
B.he is overly concerned with situational features.
C.he seems to waffle on ethical issues.
D.his organizational structure is too rigid.
Which of the following theories addresses audience adaptation as a principle facet?
A.Cultural Studies
B.Elaboration Likelihood Model
C.Media Ecology
D.Speech Codes Theory
Geertz considers the study of culture to be a(n)
A.experimental science.
B.soft science.
C.hard science.
D.implausible science.
For Joel Cooper, dissonance is generated by
A.the knowledge that one's actions have unnecessarily hurt another person.
B.high self-esteem.
C.low self-esteem.
D.the fact that we are rationalizing, rather than rational, animals who want to appear
reasonable to ourselves.
For the behavioral scientist, the relationship between individual freedom and
predictability is such that as individual freedom goes up
A.predictability increases.
B.predictability stays the same.
C.predictability decreases.
D.outside causes affect predictability.
Using FOICS checklist, raters are asked to judge
A.which of the four requisite functions, if any, an utterance addresses.
B.whether the utterance facilitates or inhibits the group's focus on a particular function.
C.the success or failure of a group's decision-making process.
D.Both "which of the four requisite functions, if any, an utterance addresses" and
"whether the utterance facilitates or inhibits the group's focus on a particular function"
Rhetorical visions
A.are fostered by powerful individuals within small groups.
B.are too abstract to be embraced by communities.
C.catch on with large groups of people.
D.replace fantasy themes.
Theories
A.alter what we already believe.
B.go beyond accepted wisdom.
C.should reflect commonly held beliefs.
D.usually violate or contradict accepted wisdom.
Social constructionists emphasize
A.the quest for certainty.
B.spectator knowledge.
C.that the social world is singular.
D.that the events and objects of the social world are made rather than found.
What position do uses and grats researchers take regarding self-reported data?
A.Consumers are capable of discerning their own reasons for media consumption.
B.Consumers are hesitant to report their motives but usually forthcoming about usage.
C.Consumers are historically unreliable and give inconsistent answers.
D.Consumers are overly accommodating and self-protecting; they're more likely to give
socially desirable answers than accurate reports.
Cognitive dissonance theory has been criticized for being too
A.simplistic.
B.difficult to test.
C.reliant on humanistic research techniques.
D.deterministic.
To be testable, a scientific theory must be
A.able to be proven wrong.
B.impossible to prove wrong.
C.unique and innovative.
D.developed from other previously tested theories.
What was Griffin's "cause to pause" regarding credibility?
A.Communication theory should deal with the "how" not the "who."
B.Credibility is transitory and subject to interpretation.
C.It doesn't really address the process of communication, only the evaluation of its
source.
D.We may lose sight of the value of what's being said.
Anxiety and uncertainty differ in that
A.anxiety is affective and uncertainty is cognitive.
B.anxiety is always bad and uncertainty is often good.
C.anxiety is a thought and uncertainty is a feeling.
D.anxiety can be essential and uncertainty is unimportant.
Gerbner gauged the overall level of violence by looking at the
A.percentage of programs that scripted violence.
B.rate of violence in programming.
C.percentage of characters involved in physical harm and killing.
D.All of the answers are correct
To Geertz and Pacanowsky, some rituals are
A.texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life.
B.nearly sacred, and attempted change will be resisted.
C.less culturally significant than stories and metaphors.
D.Both "texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life" and "nearly sacred, and
attempted change will be resisted"
Burke's term for identification, the shared common ground of two individuals, is
A.homogenization.
B.homophily.
C.consubstantiation.
D.persuasion.
In Barthes' view, mythic signs typically
A.idealize some previous semiological structure.
B.produce new values for society.
C.reinforce the dominant values of their culture.
D.question the legitimacy of the status quo.
The twin objectives of scientific knowledge are
A.describing what happened and explaining why it happened.
B.explaining the past and present and predicting the future.
C.explaining the past and controlling the future.
D.understanding meaning and addressing social iniquity.
According to the chapter, why might uses and grats have limited practical utility?
A.Based on a qualitative methodology, few scientific tests of the study have been
conducted.
B.It fails to reinforce some people's concerns about the negative effects of media.
C.Most of the theory's findings have been postulated but rarely tested in the "real
world."
D.With the emergence of more diverse forms of new media, the theory has limited
application.
Which of the following groups are not considered important agenda setters?
A.media gatekeepers
B.candidates and their spin doctors
C.public-relations professionals
D.industry leaders
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that
A.the structure of a culture's language shapes what people think and do.
B.all languages are similar at the core.
C.the power and beauty of language move people emotionally and stir them to action.
D.all previous history has been characterized by an unjust distribution of suffering.
The process of gradually becoming less and less intimate is called
A.deterioration.
B.depenetration.
C.anti-disclosure.
D.reclosure.
The belief that words have precise definitions is the
A.central concept in I. A. Richards' approach to communication.
B.intentional fallacy.
C.affective fallacy.
D.proper meaning superstition.
According to the functional perspective, a low-status member of a group
A.can have only a limited impact on decision-making.
B.usually emphasizes positive rather than negative qualities of alternatives.
C.should insist on a careful process in order to influence the final decision.
D.usually depends on the status quo.
Standpoint theorists maintain that the perspectives of subordinate groups are
A.monolithic.
B.better than those of privileged groups in society.
C.based on weak objectivity.
D.less complete than those of men who are in dominant positions.
The central question addressed by epistemology is:
A.How can we predict the future effectively?
B.How do we know what we know, if we know it at all?
C.What is the meaning of reality?
D.What is truth?
Kramarae discovered that compared with the simple, forceful statements voiced by
cartoon males, the language assigned to female characters was
A.vague.
B.flowery.
C.peppered with words like "nice" and "pretty."
D.All of the answers are correct
According to Interaction Adaptation Theory, a person's interaction position is comprised
of
A.expectations and violations.
B.needs, drives, and objectives.
C.requirements, expectations, and desires.
D.generalized goals and specific tactics.
Communication that attempts to neutralize power is called
A.one-across communication.
B.one-down communication.
C.one-up communication.
D.leveling communication.
Katz suggests that _____________ must be uncovered to understand people's media
choices.
A.needs versus wants
B.source of our needs
C.the structure and hierarchies of motivations
D.underlying needs
Hall's main concern with corporate control of mass communication is that it
A.makes media products more expensive for consumers.
B.gives the consumer too many choices among viewing options.
C.prevents many stories from being told.
D.forces communication scholars to overemphasize power relations and social
structures in their research.
A speech code involves a culturally distinctive
A.psychology.
B.sociology.
C.rhetoric.
D.All of the answers are correct
________________________ is the overt expression of physical force (with or without
a weapon, against self or others), compelling action against one's will on pain of being
hurt and/or killed or threatened to be so victimized as part of the plot.
Communication is the relational process of creating and interpreting messages that
__________________________
A single contribution or utterance in a conversation is embedded in a(n)
________________.
The ultimate goal for Burke of any piece of rhetoric is
______________________________.
The ____________________ model regards language as the principal medium to create
and sustain reality.
______________________ co-construct _______________________ and are
simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create.
_________________ is strongly shaped with the context of our culture and affects our
communication.
A story that makes rational sense but doesn't align with our values is said to have
_____________ but lacks __________________.
Methodology, Phillipsen's theory is built on ________________________ research.
Michael Sunnafrank has developed an intriguing approach to integrating uncertainty
reduction theory with the work of Altman and Taylor.
McLuhan's most notable or memorable expression:
_______________________________.
According to Burke, without _________________ there is no persuasion.
According to McLuhan, human history is divided into four epochs, with each period
marked by __________________________.
