Chapter 3
Multiple-Choice Items
1.
A. Empathy
B. Mind reading
C. Sympathy
D. Fundamentally attributing error
E. Cognitive complexity
2.
ideas. Susan is an example of a(n):
A. prototype.
B. script.
C. personal construct.
D. stereotype.
E. attribution.
3. After performing a comprehensive job search, job seekers put together a resume, write a
cover letter, and then go on job interviews. This statement best exemplifies:
A. prototypes.
B. scripts.
C. personal constructs.
D. stereotypes.
E. attributions.
4. Chat rooms can be evaluated based on how interesting or boring the conversations are. This
statement best represents
A. prototypes.
B. scripts.
C. personal constructs.
D. stereotypes.
E. attributions.
5. Which of the following is a prototype?
A. your expectation of how a friend will behave
B. your idea about how you should interact with a friend
C. the person who exemplifies a friend to you
D. how a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
E. the dictionary definition of friend
6. Which of the following is a script?
A. your expectation of how a friend will behave
B. your idea about how you should interact with a friend
C. the person who exemplifies a friend to you
D. how a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
E. the dictionary definition of friend
7. Which of the following is a personal construct?
A. your expectation of how a friend will behave
B. your idea about how you should interact with a friend
C. the person who exemplifies a friend to you
D. how a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
E. the dictionary definition of friend
8.
is an example of a(n):
A. prototype.
B. script.
C. personal construct.
D. stereotype.
E. attribution.
9. According to the process of human perception, the selection process includes all of the
following except:
A. qualities of the phenomena
B. self-indication
C. culture
D. both b and c
E. rational jugement.
10.
A. construct differentiation.
B. implicit personality theory.
C. self-serving bias.
D. internal attributions.
E. scripting.
11. Mike was responsible for taking care of his two younger siblings while Mike was growing
n most of his
-giving inclination is best explained by his:
A. cognitive schemata.
B. standpoint.
C. selective perception.
D. prototypes.
E. abstraction.
12. Individuals who are more ____ are better able to integrate new information about others and
situations.
A. empathic
B. adept at mindreading
C. standpoint sympathetic
D. fundamentally attributing errors
E. cognitively complex
13. Research has shown that the United States is a highly individualistic culture in which ____ is
expected and rewarded.
A. socialization
B. personal initiative
C. contribution
D. collectivism
E. cohesion
14. Maggie has always dreamed of her perfect romantic soul mate. She believes that her ideal
example of ______.
A. a script
B. personal construct
C. schemata
D. perception
E. prototype
15. All of the following are influences on perception except:
A. physiology
B. age
C. culture
D. cognitive ability
E. cognitive complexity
16.
assumption that outgoing are also friendly, confident, and fun is inference based on his
_________ of the qualities that accompany outgoingness.
A. standpoint
B. self-serving bias
C. stereotype
D. implicit personality theory
E. mind reading
17. All of the following are guidelines for improving perception and communication
A. Recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective
B. Avoid mind-reading
C. Check perceptions with others
D. Associate the similarities of facts and inferences
E. Guard against self-serving bias
228
18. All of the following are part of the process of human perception EXCEPT:
A. selection.
B. organization
C. interpretation.
D. imagination.
E. attribution.
19. Research demonstrates that attributional patterns are linked to ____ and forgiveness.
A. prototypes
B. scripts
C. personal constructs
D. stereotypes
E. marital quality
20. This is a predictive generalization applied to a person or situation. Based on the category in
which we place someone or something and how that person or thing measures up against the
personal constructs we apply, we predict what he, she, or it will do.
A. prototype.
B. script.
C. personal construct.
D. stereotype.
E. attribution.
he eats. This is an example of:
A. prototype.
B. script.
C. personal construct.
D. stereotype.
E. attribution.
229
When I do badly on a test or paper, I usually say either the professor was unfair
disciplined or
This is an example of:
A. prototype.
B. script.
C. personal construct.
D. stereotype.
E. self-serving bias.
23. Mariah really wanted to get a recording contract, but no one was willing to sign with her
because of her age. She thought that her age made it hard for record producers to take her
seriously as an artist. This is an example of:
A. prototype.
B. script.
C. personal construct.
D. stereotype.
E. self-serving bias.
24. We ten
underestimate the external causes. Conversely, we are likely to underestimate the internal
causes of our own misdeeds and failures and overestimate the external causes
A. prototype.
B. fundamental attribution error.
C. personal construct.
D. stereotype.
E. self-serving bias.
230
25. All of the following influence perception EXCEPT:
A. age
B. culture
C. roles
D. cognitive ability
E. labels
26. When you meet a new person, you might classify the person as a possible friend, date, or
enemy. You also might focus on physical qualities. This is based on your___.
A. age
B. culture
C. social role
D. cognitive ability
E. cognitive schemata
27. This is a point of view shaped by political awareness of the social location of a group the
material, social, and symbolic conditions common for members of a social group.
A. age
B. culture
C. roles
D. cognitive ability
E. standpoint
28. This assumes that we understand what another person thinks, feels or percieves.
A. mind reading
B. cognitive complexity
C. standpoint theory
D. fundamental attribution error
E. implicit error
29. In 1995, the U.S. Department of Labor surveyed 60,000 households to learn what identity
labels different ethnic groups prefer. The survey revealed that members of various racial groups
A. do not have uniform preferences
B. have uniform preferences
C. like stereotypes
D. had no preference
E. were sensitive to stereotypes
30. Which of the following explains why eyewitness testimony is not always reliable ?
A. DNA evidence is more accurate than eyewitness testimony
B. Some people lack the ability to perceive accurately
C. some people avoid looking at weapons
D. some witnesses are untruthful
E.
True-False Items
1. Unhappy couples tend to attribute the nice things their partners do to external factors.
2. In the U.S. the prototype of love focuses on passionate feelings and qualities.
3. We use stereotypes to make predictions about people and situations.
4. Perceptions are subjective.
5. Inferences go beyond facts.
6. Research shows that eyewitness testimony is highly reliable.
7. Age, physiology, and culture are factors that influence our perceptions.
8. Researchers have found that the self-serving bias is more pronounced in Western
populations than in non-Western ones.
9.
of enduring romance reflects media emphasis on acquisition of material goods to support
a leisure lifestyle.
10. We are less likely to forgive a partner if we attribute his or her transgression to personal
irresponsibility.
11. Women and men tend to occupy different social locations in some senses, although they
clearly share other social locations.
12. In Korea, age is a very important aspect of identity. The older person is, the more he or she
is respected.
13. Assertiveness and competitiveness are encouraged and considered good in the United States.
14. Recent research shows that we can override the draw of noisy or novel stimuli.
15. A stereotype is a scientific generalization applied to a person or situation.
16. A personal construct or situation along a
bipolar dimension of judgment
17. Although passion may come to mind when we think of love, it seems less central to our
prototype of love than companionship, caring, and a comfortable lifestyle.
18. A script defines the clearest or most representative example of some category.
19. Scripts are useful in guiding us through many of our interactions. However, they are not
20. Prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts are cognitive schemata that we use to
organize our perceptions of people and phenomena.
Identification Items
1. Self-serving bias
2. Standpoint
3. Personal constructs
4. Cognitive complexity
5. Mind reading
6. Fundamental attribution error
7. Implicit personality theory
8. Empathy
9. Perception
10. Constructivism
11. Attribution
12. Interpretation
13. Stereotype
14. Culture
15. Prototype
Essay Items
1. Use the ladder of abstraction to explain how you perceived and acted in a particular situation.
Make sure that you include and label each level of the abstraction ladder in your example.
2. Your book talks about a dozen states that have passed laws to establish standards for English
for international teaching assistants. Don Rubin did a study that looked into this matter.
Discuss what he did and what he found.
3. Using a specific example of a time when you misperceived a situation, name and explain
how at least three of the guidelines would have helped you perceive the situation more
accurately.
4. Explain how the self influences our perceptions of others. Describe an example of when the
self influenced your perceptions of another and your communication with that person.
5. Your friend, Mark, has a problem with perception and communication. Based on what you
learned in class and from your book on guidelines for improving perception and
communication, fully describe three guidelines for improving perception and
communication.
6. Explain four of the seven guidelines for improving the accuracy of perceptions.
7. What is the process of human perception?
8. What are the dimensions of attributions?
9. Explain the ladder of abstraction and use an example.
10. Why is eyewitness testimony not always reliable?
Rejoinders
Multiple-Choice Items
True-False Items
235
Identification Items
Essay Items