Chapter 2
Multiple-Choice Items
1. Attachment styles are
A. ways in which we satisfy our needs for belonging.
B. the point at which an individual stops and the rest of the world begins.
C. social standpoints such as race, class, and gender.
D. patterns of caregiving that teach us who we are and how to approach
relationships.
E. the communication styles we use in our relationships with others.
2. ple of
a(n):
A. reflected appraisal.
B. direct definition.
C. identity script.
D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
E. social comparison.
3. The perspectives of the ____ other reflect the views generally held by others in a society.
A. emotional
B. generalized
C. moral
D. physical
E. social
4. Edmund is very attentive and supportive to his son Mylan when he is sober, but when
Edmund drinks he often ignores his son and sometimes verbally abuses him. Mylan never
knows which way h
likely to develop which attachment style?
A. fearful
B. secure
C. anxious-ambivalent
D. dismissive
E. defensive
5. Members of his project group at work consistentl
performance as team leader. Ervin begins to view himself as an effective leader and
considers moving into a higher level management position. The process through which Ervin
developed this sense of self at work is called:
A. reflected appraisal.
B. direct definition.
C. identity script.
D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
E. social comparison.
6. The views of ____ comprise the generalized other.
A. our family of origin
B. society as a whole
C. our peers in school
D. a person with whom we have an I It relationship
E. the persons with whom we have the closest relationships
7. Irene observes that on the most-recent test in her engineering class, only two students out of
60 earned higher scores than she did. She concludes that she is smarter than most of the
others in class, at least in the subject of engineering. This is an example of a(n):
A. reflected appraisal.
B. direct definition.
C. identity script.
D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
E. social comparison.
8.
her statistics class. She performs poorly in the class, supporting her initial belief. This is an
example of a(n):
A. reflected appraisal.
B. direct definition.
C. identity script.
D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
E. social comparison.
9.
the United States.
A. Europeans when they colonized the United States
B. Native Americans when they first encountered white people
C. Slave owners in the eighteenth century
D. Africans in the eighteenth century when they were brought to the U.S.
E. Historians writing in the nineteenth century
10. In adult life, people who have anxious/ambivalent attachment styles tend to
A. be outgoing and affectionate
B. be apprehensive about relationships
C. view relationships as unnecessary or undesirable
D. be preoccupied with relationships
E.
11. The term _______, also called the looking-
A. reflected appraisal
B. direct definition
C. identity script
D. self-fulfilling prophecy
E. social comparison
12. All of the following are guidelines for improving self-concept except:
A. make a firm commitment to personal growth
B. gain and use knowledge to support personal growth
C. set goals that are realistic and fair
D. seek contexts that support personal change
E. make a social comparisons.
13. A key foundation for improving your self-concept is:
A. setting difficult goals to attain.
B. recognizing that the self is easy to transform.
C. keeping ideas about change vague and abstract.
D.
E. accepting the self as in process.
14. Many scholars argue that race:
A. can be determined scientifically through DNA testing.
B. is a valid means of defining individual and group identities.
C. is a socially constructed category.
D. explains differences in scores on intelligence tests.
E. is easy to measure.
15. Girls and women are expected to be caring, whereas boys and men are expected to be
A. independent
B. supportive
C. cooperative
D. self-assertive
E. both a and d
16. ___________ are rules for living and identity.
A. attachment styles
B. identity scripts
C. reflected appraisals
D. social comparison
E. none of the above
17. In a study of both different and same sex couples, researchers found that couples in which
both partners had __ attachment styles had the most mutually constructive communication.
A. anxious/ambivalent
B. fearful
C. secure
D. none of these
E. all of these
18. Nikki believes that she is lovable and that people are loving and can be trusted. Nikki has a
______ attachment style.
A. secure
B. fearful
C. dismissive
D. anxious-ambivalent
E. none of the above
19. Stanton is giving a speech for the first time. He thinks he is doing well, but his audience can
tell that he is very insecure and nervous. This example can be categorized into which part of
the Johari window.
A. Open area
B. Blind area
C. Hidden area
D. unknown area
E. Deceptive area
20. All of the following are risks to self-disclosing communication EXCEPT:
A. others may reject us
B. others may think less of us
C. others may violate our confidences
D. others may increase closeness with us
E. none of the above
21. All of the following are panes of Johari Window EXCEPT:
A. open
B. blind
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
22. The _______ area of the Johari Window contains information that others know about us but
A. open
B. blind
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
23. The _______ area of the Johari Window contains information that others know about us but
A. open
B. blind
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
24. ________information is what we know about ourselves but choose not to reveal to most
others.
A. open
B. blind
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
25. ________ information is known both to us and to others. Your name, height, major, and
tastes in music probably are open information that you share easily with others.
A. blind
B. open
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
26. The _______ area of the Johari Window is made up of information about ourselves that
neither we nor others know.
A. blind
B. open
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
27. According to your text, it is important to gain access to information in our blind and _____
areas
A. blind
B. open
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
28. An example of this area could be when others may see that we are insecure even though we
acknowledged to ourselves.
A. blind
B. open
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
29. The _______ area of the Johari Window consists of your untapped resources, your untried
talents, and your reactions
A. blind
B. open
C. hidden
D. known
E. unknown
30. This type of attachment are individuals tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and
experience less satisfaction with relationships than people with other attachment styles.
.
A. fearful
B. anxious/ambivalent
C. secure
D. dismissive
E. unknown
True-False Items
1. The self is a multidimensional process of internalizing and acting from social
perspectives.
2. Mothers are more likely than fathers to challenge children and encourage them to achieve
more.
3. The self is constant.
4. The attachment style an infant develops can never be changed.
5. Most psychologists believe that the basic identify scripts for our lives are formed very
early, probably by age 5.
6. Fearfully attached individuals tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less
satisfaction with relationships than people with other attachment styles.
7. Direct definitions, self-fulfilling prophecies, attachment styles, and identity scripts are all
family influences on self-concept.
8. Teachers, peers, and family members are all examples of particular others.
9. Fathers are more likely than mothers to specialize in protecting children and emotionally
reassuring them.
10. Individualism is a key value in Western cultures.
11.
12. Fathers tend to foster more independence, competitiveness, and aggression in sons and
more emotional expressiveness and gentleness in daughters.
13. Self-disclosure necessarily involves risks, such as the risk that others will not accept what
we reveal or that they might use it against us.
14. It is important to gain access to information in our blind and unknown areas. One way to
do this is to expand our experiences by entering unfamiliar situations, trying novel things,
and experimenting with new kinds of communication.
15. Researchers
and mothers typically contribute in unique and valuable ways to their
development and self-esteem.
16. Critical whiteness scholars point out that nonwhites are often identifies by their race, but
whites seldom are.
17. Homophobia or fear of homosexuals is particularly pronounced in the working class, or a
lesbian or gay in a poor community may be socially ostracized.
18. Today, as our society struggles with changes in women, men, and families, the ideals of
manhood are being revised yet again.
19. The United States is now in a post-racial era in which race no longer matters.
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20. Girls and women are more likely than boys to use social media as a venue for self-
development.
21. Researchers have found that people who are highly anxious about attachments are less
likely to have relationship problems in collectivist cultures than in individualist cultures.
22. The later bonds we have with others shapes how comfortable we feel getting close to
Identification Items
1. Identity scripts
2. Self-sabotage
3. Secure attachment style
4. Anxious/Ambivalent attachment style
5. Self-fulfilling prophecy
6. Particular others
7. Reflected appraisal
8. Generalized other
9. Self
10. Fearful attachment style
11. Self-disclosure
12. Social comparison
Essay Items
1. The opening scenario in the chapter described how social media can be a key source for
social comparison information. Later in the chapter, the author listed and described five
guidelines for developing and maintaining a healthy identity. These guidelines included
setting goals that are realistic and fair and seeking contexts that support personal change.
How can these guidelines help people develop and maintain a healthy identity while using
social media?
2. Discuss the influen
senses of identity. Incorporate concrete examples into your response.
3. Given what you know about the culture in which you grew up, speculate about what aspects
of the generalized other would be similar if you grew up in a different culture. What aspects
of the generalized other do you think would be different if you grew up in a different culture?
Why? In defining the culture in which you grew up, consider the type of family, region of
the country, size of community, and religious affiliation, as well as race, class, gender, and
sexual preference/orientation as mentioned in the text.
4. Explain the concept of self-sabotage.
5. Compare and contrast the four different styles of attachments and illustrate each style with an
example. In your response, be sure to define attachment styles.
6. The author of your text states that social values are both constructed and arbitrary. What does
that mean? Give examples of how social perspectives about the self are constructed, and how
these perspectives are variable.
7. Compare and contrast the four different areas of the Johari window and illustrate each area
with an example. In your response, be sure to define each area.
8. Discuss the role of parents in socializing children. Name three ways in which fathers differ
from mothers in the way they socialize with their children.
9.
10. What is the Self?
Rejoinders
Multiple-Choice Items
True-False Items
Identification Items
Essay Items
