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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. When you pay attention to specific stimuli or information in your environment while simultaneously ignoring
other stimuli, you are engaging in the selection step of perception.
a. True
b. False
2. The fundamental attribution error results from attributing others’ behaviors to external rather than internal
causes.
a. True
b. False
3. Which of these is a mental construct that expresses enduring principles of what is good or bad and right or
wrong?
a. Attitude
b. Value
c. Belief
d. Mask
4. A culture that values the group or society over individual goals is
a. individualistic.
b. collectivistic.
c. a Gestalt.
d. self-aware.
5. The word empathy comes from the Greek word meaning
a. “drawing out of.”
b. “sensing pain.”
c. “experiencing suffering.”
d. “feeling into.”
6. Which is the term for analyzing the positive and negative things you learn about someone to calculate an
overall impression, then updating this impression as you learn new information?
a. Gestalts
b. Perception-checking
c. Actor-observer effect
d. Algebraic impressions
7. Your “face” is an aspect of the self that only you can see.
a. True
b. False
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8. Which of the following perceptual errors results from the tendency to make external attributions for your own
behaviors?
a. Halo effect
b. Algebraic impressions
c. Perception-checking
d. Actor-observer effect
9. A culture that values personal objectives over group or societal goals
a. is individualistic.
b. is collectivistic.
c. exhibits Gestalts.
d. emphasizes self-reflection.
10. Henry just found out that his best friend, Jay, is getting divorced. Having recently been through a divorce
himself, Henry can understand how Jay is feeling and offers to listen if Jay wants to talk. Henry is
demonstrating
a. empathy.
b. perception-checking.
c. sympathy.
d. selflessness.
11. If a public figure is not “out of the closet” to her fans, she is using which strategy to maintain her public
self?
a. Face
b. Mask
c. Self-Verification Theory
d. Self-Discrepancy Theory
12. The tendency to negatively interpret the behavior of people for whom you’ve formed negative Gestalts is
referred to as the
a. fundamental attribution error.
b. self-serving bias.
c. horn effect.
d. halo effect.
13. Which of these is a method of communicating more competently that involves perspective-taking and
feeling concern for how other people are feeling?
a. Empathy
b. Halo effect
c. Gestalt
d. Algebraic impression
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14. The halo effect occurs when you make positive attributions about someone for whom you have already
formed a positive Gestalt.
a. True
b. False
15. Which of the following is a strategy you can use to maintain face?
a. Use words and actions consistent with the face you are trying to present.
b. Use communication that is consistent with others’ perceptions of you.
c. Anticipate and manage events that could contradict your face.
d. All of the options are correct.
16. Which of these is a type of self-awareness that focuses on evaluating and improving your communication?
a. Attribution
b. Social comparison
c. Perception
d. Critical self-reflection
17. Your self-concept is based upon the sets of beliefs, attitudes, and values your significant others have about
you.
a. True
b. False
18. The tendency to act in ways that ensure interactions occur as you believed and predicted
they would is called (a)
a. self-verification.
b. self-reflection.
c. self-serving bias.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.
19. The tendency to assign external causes for your own individual behavior is called the
a. self-serving bias.
b. fundamental attribution error.
c. actor-observer effect.
d. algebraic impression.
20. Convictions that an individual holds to be true are
a. attitudes.
b. beliefs.
c. values.
d. personal constructs.
21. Forming attributions is the process of
a. assigning meaning and understanding to others’ behavior.
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b. creating mental structures that define characteristics.
c. evaluating stimuli that attract your attention.
d. engaging in critical self-reflection.
22. Your self-fulfilling prophecies can result in both positive and negative predictions about your future
behavior.
a. True
b. False
23. Culture can include
a. gender.
b. sexual orientation.
c. religion.
d. All of the options are correct.
24. According to Self-Verification Theory, people
a. are more likely to associate only with those who provide positive self-concept support.
b. avoid those who provide negative self-concept support.
c. select those who most accurately support their self-concept.
d. prefer to associate with others who have the same sexual orientation.
25. The positive self you actively create and present through your communication is called (the)
a. actor-observer effect.
b. self-serving bias.
c. selection.
d. face.
26. The Gestalts you form of other people may be positive or negative.
a. True
b. False
27. The tendency to dismiss the significance of negative behavior based on the positive Gestalt you have formed
for an individual is called (the)
a. halo effect.
b. self-serving bias.
c. actor-observer effect.
d. horn effect.
28. Mental images of who people are and how you feel about them are called
a. attributions.
b. empathy.
c. perception.
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29. Explanations of behavior based on internal and external factors are called (the)
a. impressions.
b. actor-observer effect.
c. attributions.
d. critical self-reflection.
30. Your friend who says “I think it is wrong to wear fur or leather” is expressing a(n)
a. attitude.
b. belief.
c. value.
d. personal construct.
31. Which of these refers to your ability to perceive yourself as a unique person and to reflect upon your own
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
a. Self-concept
b. Self-esteem
c. Self-awareness
d. Self-comparison
32. According to Self-Discrepancy Theory, your self-esteem is highest when
a. your self-concept matches your ideal and ought selves.
b. your self-concept exceeds your ideal and ought selves.
c. there is a great discrepancy between your ideal and ought selves.
d. you concentrate on your ideal self rather than your ought self.
33. After reading that your favorite singer has been fighting, drinking, and antagonizing the media, you allow
this negative information to overshadow your positive impressions. This an example of (the)
a. halo effect.
b. algebraic impressions.
c. horn effect.
d. actor-observer effect.
34. By wearing different masks at different times, you are better able to keep your self private.
a. True
b. False
35. The human tendency to think others’ behavior is caused by internal rather than external or environmental
causes is called the
a. fundamental attribution error.
b. self-serving bias.
c. actor-observer effect.
d. horn effect.
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36. Which is a public self that is designed to hide your private self?
a. Gestalt
b. Mask
c. Algebraic impression
d. Face
37. Your evaluations of yourself and others (whether positive or negative) are called
a. attitudes.
b. values.
c. beliefs.
d. personal constructs.
38. If you lose face, feelings of shame, humiliation, and embarrassment may result.
a. True
b. False
39. Culture can be defined as a coherent set of attitudes, values, and practices held by
an individual.
a. True
b. False
40. Which of these suggests that your self-esteem is determined by how you compare to your ideal self and
ought self?
a. Algebraic impression
b. Self-Discrepancy Theory
c. Perception-checking
d. Self-Verification Theory
41. Critical self-reflection is a comprehensive process involving all of the following
steps EXCEPT
a. thinking about what you are feeling.
b. asking yourself why you are thinking the way you are.
c. thinking about how others see you.
d. asking yourself how you are communicating.
42. Your overall evaluation of your self is called
a. self-esteem.
b. self-concept.
c. self-awareness.
d. self-reflection.
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43. Susan thinks she is not good at delivering public presentations, so she doesn’t prepare or research her topic.
During her speech, she is unprepared, forgets to cover one of her main points, and feels like her speech failed.
This behavior demonstrates (a)
a. critical self-reflection.
b. social comparison.
c. Self-Discrepancy Theory.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.
44. Losing face can cause shame, humiliation, and sadness—all components of (the)
a. embarrassment.
b. horn effect.
c. self-esteem.
d. self-awareness.
45. Which of these is a general impression of someone that is positive or negative?
a. Face
b. Gestalt
c. Mask
d. Empathy
46. A tendency to take credit for a success by making an internal attribution is called the
a. actor-observer effect.
b. self-serving bias.
c. fundamental attribution error.
d. halo effect.
47. The composite of social, psychological, and cultural characteristics that characterize people as male or
female is called
a. gender.
b. stereotyping.
c. culture.
d. attribution.
48. In individualistic cultures, your self and your needs take precedence over the needs and interests of the
group or collective.
a. True
b. False
49. In which stage of the perception process do you assign meaning to information you have selected?
a. Attribution
b. Interpretation
c. Impression
d. Organization
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50. An established, coherent set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices shared by a large group of people is
called
a. perception.
b. interpretation.
c. culture.
d. gender.
51. Perception-checking involves all of the following steps EXCEPT
a. reviewing your knowledge about the person.
b. assessing attributions you’ve made.
c. questioning your initial impression.
d. hiding your impressions from the person.
52. During what type of interactions is the actor-observer effect is most prevalent?
a. Successful interactions
b. Unpleasant interactions
c. Competitive interactions
d. Supportive interactions
53. When you focus your attention on specific stimuli found in your environment, you are engaging in (the)
a. actor-observer effect.
b. fundamental attribution error.
c. selection.
d. perception.
54. The horn effect occurs when you make negative attributions about someone for whom you have already
formed a negative Gestalt.
a. True
b. False
55. Your girlfriend just received a notice from the IRS for not paying her federal taxes, and you assume it was
just an honest mistake. What tendency are you exhibiting?
a. Halo effect
b. Fundamental attribution error
c. Perception-checking
d. Actor-observer effect
56. The composite of your self-awareness, self-concept, and self-esteem is called
a. self.
b. social comparison.
c. perception.
d. attribution.
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57. The three stages of the perception process are salience, organization, and interpretation.
a. True
b. False
58. According to Self-Discrepancy Theory, the greater the discrepancy between your ideal self and your ought
self, the higher your self-esteem.
a. True
b. False
59. Which of the following is NOT considered to be an influence on the self?
a. Face
b. Culture
c. Family
d. Gender
60. Forming impressions by categorizing people into social groups and evaluating them based on information
you have about their groups is called (the)
a. stereotyping.
b. self-serving bias.
c. actor-observer effect.
d. fundamental attribution error.
61. The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from your senses is
a. critical self-reflection.
b. perception.
c. attribution.
d. algebraic impression.
62. The process of observing and assigning meaning to others’ behaviors by comparing them against your own
is called
a. selection.
b. social comparison.
c. attribution.
d. self-verification.
63. When you’re able to understand a friend’s point of view without necessarily experiencing her emotions,
you’re exhibiting which component of empathy?
a. Perception-checking
b. Empathic concern
c. Perspective-taking
d. Algebraic impressions
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64. Our beliefs about whether empathy is something that can be developed and controlled are known as our
a. algebraic impressions.
b. empathy mindset.
c. perception-checking
d. attributions.
65. If you overindulge at a buffet and the next day explain that your friends pressured you to eat more and more,
you are exhibiting which perceptual error?
a. Fundamental attribution error
b. Self-serving bias
c. Internal attribution
d. Actor-observer effect
66. The process of social comparison can result in positive or negative self-esteem, depending on whether you
compare favorably or unfavorably with others.
a. True
b. False
67. A useful method for testing your impressions in order to avoid errors in judgment is
a. algebraic impressions.
b. attributions.
c. perception-checking.
d. the actor-observer effect.
68. Which statement reflects the notion that your self-concept is influenced by the labels that others have of
you?
a. “My brother always says I’m not as smart as he is.“
b. “I am a student, worker, and son.”
c. “My grades have always been good.”
d. “I am a happy, extroverted person.”
69. The beliefs, attitudes, and values you have about yourself come together to create your
a. self-concept.
b. self-esteem.
c. self-awareness.
d. self-reflection.
70. Your self is formed at infancy and remains fairly static over time and life experience.
a. True
b. False
71. If you are winning at a blackjack table and explain to the other players that you have a knack for numbers,
what perceptual error are you exhibiting?
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a. Self-serving bias
b. Fundamental attribution error
c. External attribution
d. Halo effect
72. Which of the following may help increase your self-esteem?
a. Having consistency between your ought and ideal self
b. Living in an appearance culture
c. Engaging in social comparison
d. All of the options are correct.
73. What method of impression formation is most likely to lead to prejudice?
a. the The horn effect
b. the The halo effect
c. Algebraic impressions
d. Stereotyping
74. What type of message should you avoid when expressing empathy?
a. “I care.”
b. “I’m here.”
c. “I know.”
d. “I feel terrible.”
75. In which stage of the perception process do you tailor information and stimuli into coherent, meaningful
patterns?
a. Organization
b. Selection
c. Interpretation
d. Impression
76. Algebraic impressions are quick first impressions about the people you meet.
a. True
b. False
77. Which of these asserts that you are more likely to choose friends who provide support for your self-concept?
a. Halo effect
b. Self-Discrepancy Theory
c. Perception-checking
d. Self-Verification Theory
78. Which of the following is NOT a component of self?
a. Self-awareness
b. Self-esteem
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c. Self-concept
d. Self-reflection
79. Stereotyping can only result in negative generalizations about other groups.
a. True
b. False
80. Which of these influences your self-concept?
a. Family
b. Culture
c. Significant others
d. All of the options are correct.
81. Identify three ways in which we form impressions.
82. What are the three components of self?
83. Explain what a self-fulfilling prophecy is and how might it impact one’s self-concept.
84. Describe an individualistic culture.
85. Compare and contrast individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
86. Briefly describe the fundamental attribution error.
87. Discuss how you can improve your self-esteem.
88. Briefly explain the difference between a face and a mask.
89. What is empathy and what are its components?
90. What is the difference between a face and a mask?
91. Explain the difference between the halo effect and the horn effect.
92. Identify the two primary components of empathy.
93. How can perception-checking help improve your perception?
94. Explain, define, and provide an example of the components of self-concept.
95. Explain the difference between self-esteem and self-concept.
96. Describe the three steps in the perception process.
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97. Which types of information are weighted more heavily when forming algebraic impressions?
98. What are the three components of the self-concept?
99. Explain the two types of attributions and why they are often inaccurate.
100. What are the three steps in the perception process?
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Answer Key
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