General Chemistry, 11e (Petrucci)
Chapter 23 The Transition Elements
1) The atomic radius of Ru is approximately the same as that of Os.
2) The lanthanide contraction is due to the poor shielding effect of the f-electrons and the higher nuclear
charge.
3) The high melting points of transition elements result from a lack of sufficient electrons and orbitals for
good metallic bonding.
4) Metallurgy is the general study of metals.
5) For the reaction
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s)
a plot of ΔG ° versus temperature has a negative slope.
6) Pig iron comes from the blast furnace.
7) Titanium tetrachloride has replaced white lead as the pigment in white paints.
8) Iron, cobalt, and nickel form the iron triad.
9) The coinage metals are copper, silver, and zinc.
10) A mercury alloy is called an amalgam.
11) Galvanized steel is iron coated with cadmium to prevent rust.
12) Lanthanides are very difficult to separate from each other because of the similarities in chemical
properties.
13) Lanthanides are also called rare earth elements.
14) Which of the following is uncharacteristic for the elements of the first transition series?
A) an inner core of electrons in the argon configuration
B) two 4s electrons for eight elements, and one 4s electron for Cr and Cu
C) a number of 3d electrons ranging from one for Sc to ten for Cu and Zn
D) except for Sc and Ti, only minor variation in atomic radii
E) only one possible oxidation state per element, different for each
15) Choose the INCORRECT statement about the transition elements.
A) The atomic radii increases to the right across the periodic table.
B) The first ionization energy is about the same as the Group 2 (IIA) elements.
C) The lanthanide contraction is responsible for the second and third series of transition elements being
very similar in atomic radii.
D) The lanthanide contraction is due to the f electrons not screening as well as other electrons.
E) The electron configuration of cobalt and copper are anomalous.
16) Choose the INCORRECT statement about the transition elements.
A) They have high melting points.
B) They are good electrical conductors.
C) They have moderate to extreme hardness.
D) They are d-block and f-block elements.
E) They generally have positive reduction potentials.
17) Choose the INCORRECT statement about the most common oxidation state of transition elements.
A) For Ti, it is +4.
B) For Sc, it is +2.
C) For V, it is +5.
D) For Cr, it is +6.
E) For Mn, it is +7.
18) Choose the INCORRECT statement about the first row transition elements.
A) Elements on the right side of the transition series usually do not exhibit the wide range of oxidation
states.
B) Stability of higher oxidation states increases down a group.
C) Electrode potentials decrease across to the right.
D) All but Cu have negative reduction potentials.
E) All but Cu(s) displace H+(aq) as H2(g).
19) Choose the INCORRECT statement about transition elements.
A) The lower oxidation states usually form ionic compounds.
B) The higher oxidation states usually form covalent compounds.
C) Many transition elements and their compounds have catalytic activity.
D) The catalytic activity is due to p-orbital availability.
E) Transition metal ions are good Lewis acids.
20) Choose the INCORRECT statement about transition elements.
A) Coordination compounds are formed by coordinate covalent bonds.
B) The metal ions provide empty d orbitals in coordination compounds.
C) The ligand supplies one or more pairs of electrons that form coordinate bonds in coordination
compounds.
D) Colored compounds and solutions occur because of electronic transitions that occur within partially
filled d orbitals.
E) Paramagnetism is due to paired electrons.
21) Choose the INCORRECT statement about transition elements.
A) Ferromagnetism occurs only in elements with paired electrons.
B) Ferromagnetism is unique to Fe, Co and Ni.
C) Ferromagnetism occurs due to atoms combining in the solid state in domains.
D) Paramagnetism is due to unpaired electrons.
E) Ferromagnetism requires that interatomic distances be of the right magnitude to generate domains.
22) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) Most representative element bonding involves s and p orbitals.
B) Most transition element bonding involves p orbitals.
C) Most representative elements are single oxidation states.
D) Most transition elements are multiple oxidation states.
E) Metallurgy is the study of metals.
23) Which of the following statements is true regarding the oxidation states of the transition elements?
A) For group 8, only Os forms compounds with an oxidation state of +8.
B) For group 6, Cr forms many compounds with an oxidation state of +6.
C) The late transition metal elements form many compounds with oxidation states of 0 and –1.
D) The most common oxidation state of Co is +7.
24) Which of the following elements is likely to have an atomic radius of 124 pm?
A) Fe
B) Ru
C) Os
D) Mo
25) Which element displays ferromagnetism?
A) Co
B) Cu
C) Ti
D) Cr
E) V
26) Which of the following metals form compounds with the highest oxidation states?
A) V
B) Ti
C) Mn
D) Y
E) Sc
27) Choose the INCORRECT completion of the following sentence:
“The transition elements are typically characterized by….
A) …their ability to exist in several different oxidation states.”
B) …poor electrical conductivity.”
C) …moderate to extreme hardness.”
D) …the formation of mostly colored compounds.”
E) …high melting points.”
28) The electronic transitions that take place within d or f subshells of transition metals:
A) are responsible for their metallic character
B) cause transition metals to be much better conductors than the very active metals
C) occur only in ferromagnetic elements
D) are responsible for their high density
E) are responsible for their having highly colored compounds
29) The paramagnetism of transition element compounds is caused by:
A) unshared valence electron pairs
B) unpaired electrons located in d and f orbitals
C) unshared valence electron pairs and optimum packing of the atoms in the crystal lattice
D) paired electrons spinning in opposite directions
E) shared valence electron pairs
30) Which of the following exhibits ferromagnetism?
A) Ni
B) Ru
C) Rh
D) Mn
31) Which of the following will be a good oxidizing agent?
A) V2O5
B) Fe(OH2)62+
C) Zn
D) CoCl2
32) A property that is common to both main group and transition metals is that both types:
A) have high electronegativities
B) include a very active metal
C) are found in many oxidation states
D) exhibit color in compounds
E) exhibit at least one oxidation state equal to their periodic group number
33) Choose the INCORRECT statement about the electron configuration of transition elements.
A) Cu: [Ar]3d104s1
B) Fe: [Ar]3d64s2
C) Cr: [Ar]3d44s2
D) V: [Ar]3d34s2
E) Zn: [Ar]3d104s2
34) The phenomenon resulting from the weakly effective screening of outermost electrons from the
nucleus by f subshell electrons, resulting in only small differences in atomic radii in elements of atomic
number 58-71, is called the:
A) actinide expansion
B) f-subshell extension
C) lanthanide contraction
D) elemental transition
E) lattice distortion
35) Transition group elements differ from main group metals in several ways. Which differences of the
following are correct?
A) many of the metals and their compounds having catalytic activity
B) many of the hydrated cations having distinctive colors
C) most of their compounds having bonds that involve d orbitals
D) many of the metals being paramagnetic, but none ferromagnetic
E) most having more than one common oxidation state
36) Which element has the lowest first ionization potential?
A) Fe
B) Ni
C) Co
D) Mn
E) Ti
37) Which of the following transition elements is unreactive towards aqueous hydrochloric acid?
A) zinc
B) titanium
C) scandium
D) iron
E) copper
38) Choose the INCORRECT statement about metallurgy.
A) Extractive metallurgy is the removal of metals from their ores.
B) Concentration is the separation of ore from waste rock.
C) One method of concentration is flotation.
D) Roasting converts an ore to its sulfide.
E) Roasting involves heating the ore to a high temperature.
39) Choose the INCORRECT statement about metallurgy.
A) Roasting converts the ore to its oxide.
B) Reduction reduces the oxide to metal.
C) Carbon is often used as the reducing agent.
D) Coke or powdered coal is often used as the reducing agent.
E) Refining is the removal of metal from its ore.
40) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) Precipitation in hydrometallurgy is to precipitate the metal as an ionic solid or reduce it to the metal.
B) Leaching for gold is done by the cyanidation process where Au(s) is complexed with cyanide ion.
C) Electrolytic method is used to purify expensive metals.
D) Pyrometallurgy uses low temperature to freeze out the metal from the ore.
E) Hydrometallurgy uses water and aqueous solutions at moderate temperatures to handle materials.
41) Choose the INCORRECT statement about metallurgy.
A) Zone refining is refining to a certain zone of purity.
B) Refining is the removal of impurities from a metal.
C) The Kroll process uses Mg to reduce TiCl4 to titanium.
D) Zone refining uses a heating coil which passes along the rod of material.
E) In zone refining impurities remain in the molten area.
42) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) The extraction of copper is complicated by iron.
B) Blister copper has bubbles of air on the surface of the copper.
C) Refining to high purity copper is done electrolytically.
D) Pyrometallurgy is the roasting of an ore followed by reduction of the ore to metal.
E) “Pyro” as a prefix indicates high temperatures.
43) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) Hydrometallurgy handles materials as aqueous solutions.
B) The three steps of hydrometallurgy are leaching, purification and/or concentration and precipitation.
C) Leaching is adding chemicals to eat away the ore, leaving the metal.
D) Purification in hydrometallurgy is to remove impurities and concentrate solutions.
E) Purification in hydrometallurgy may include evaporation of water, ion exchange, and/or use of
activated charcoal.
44) Find the FALSE combination of a metallurgical process and its example:
A) leaching: 4 Au(s) + 8 CN–(aq) + O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) → 4 [Au(CN)2]–(aq) + 4 OH–(aq)
B) reduction: ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
C) roasting: 2 Cu2S(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Cu2O(s) + 2 SO2(g)
D) precipitation: Zn2+(aq) + S2-(aq) → ZnS(s)
E) conversion: 2 Co(OH)3(s) Co2O3(s) + 3 H2O(g)
45) What volume of carbon monoxide, measured at 1200 °C and 720 Torr, would be released when 5.0 kg
of an ore containing 45% zinc oxide as the only reacting species is treated with excess carbon? [ZnO(s) +
C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)]
A) 1.2 × 102 L
B) 1.5 × 103 L
C) 3.5 × 103 L
D) 7.8 × 103 L
E) 7.0 × 1 04 L
46) What are the formulas of the missing compounds, 1 and 2, respectively, in the reaction below? This
reaction is used in the production of metallic zinc.
ZnO(s) + 1 → Zn(g) + 2
A) C(s) and CO(g)
B) CO(g) and ZnCO3(s)
C) CO(g) and C(s)
D) C(s) and CO2(g)
47) At 273 K, ΔG° for the reaction
2 C(s) + O2(g) → 2 CO(g)
is about -280 kJ, and at 1480 K is about -580 kJ.
For the reaction
2 Zn(s) + O2(g) → 2 ZnO(s)
ΔG° at 273 K and 1480 K, respectively, is -640 and –280 kJ. Calculate ΔG° at 273 K and 1480 K,
respectively, for the reduction of zinc oxide by carbon.
A) +180 and -150 kJ
B) +360 and -300 kJ
C) -360 and +300 kJ
D) -180 and +150 kJ
48) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) Iron is the most widely used metal from the earth’s crust.
B) The simplified equation for the reduction of iron is Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(l) + 3 CO2(g).
C) One process in the making of steel from pig iron is to reduce the carbon content.
D) The product of a blast furnace is steel.
E) The solid reactants in a blast furnace are iron ore, coke, and a slag-forming flux.
49) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) The product of a blast furnace is pig iron.
B) Cast iron is pig iron poured directly into molds.
C) Pig iron is converted to steel by reducing the carbon content, removing Si, Mn, P, and other impurities,
and adding alloying elements.
D) The most important method of steel-making today is the basic oxygen process.
E) In the basic oxygen process, oxygen is bubbled into the blast furnace.
50) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) In steel making, DRI stands for Detection and Recovery of Iron.
B) In the basic oxygen process, a lance is a water cooled tube to deliver limestone and oxygen.
C) Alloying elements with steel include Cr, Ni, Mn, V, Mo and W.
D) The direct reduction of iron depends on the availability of natural gas.
E) Steel is an alloy of iron.
51) The main source of titanium is:
A) seawater
B) rutile ore, TiO2
C) oxide ores
D) TiS2
E) atmospheric gases
52) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) Titanium is valued for its low density, high structural strength and corrosion resistance.
B) Titanium chloride is the most widely used white pigment for paints.
C) Chromium is often used to plate other metals for decorative purposes.
D) Dichromate is Cr2O72-.
E) Chromate is CrO42-.
53) Which of the following is amphoteric?
A) V2O5
B) CrO
C) Al(H2O)63+
D) Fe(H2O)63+
54) Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?
A) amalgam: a solid solution or alloy containing mercury
B) coinage metals: the transition elements of Group 11 (1B)
C) galvanized iron: iron which has been electroplated with tin
D) lanthanides: elements of atomic number 58 through 71
E) pig iron: slightly impure iron as obtained directly from the blast furnace
55) Which of the following forms a colorless aqueous solution?
A) CuClO4
B) CoSO4
C) NiCl2
D) FeCl3
56) Order the following compounds from acidic to basic, with the most acidic on the left.
CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3
A) CrO3 > Cr2O3 > CrO
B) CrO3 > CrO > Cr2O3
C) Cr2O3 > CrO3 > CrO
D) CrO > Cr2O3 > CrO3
57) Write the equation for the initial treatment of titanium ore.
A) TiO2(s) + Cl2(g) + C(s) → TiCl2(g) + CO2(g)
B) TiCl4(s) + 2 H2O(l) → TiO2(g) + HCl(g)
C) TiO2(s) + 2 Cl2(g) + C(s) → TiCl4(g) + 2 CO(g)
D) Ti(s) + 2 Cl2(g) → TiCl4(g)
E) TiS(s) + 2H2O(l) → TiO2(g) + 2 H2S(g)
58) If an aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving 1.6 mol Na2CrO4 in 1.0 L of a buffer at pH 8.24, what
will be [Cr2O72-] in the solution? The resultant equilibria are:
HCrO4–(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) Ka = 3.2 × 10-7
2 HCrO4–(aq) ⇌ Cr2O72–(aq)+ H2O(l) K = 33
A) 9.9 × 10-5 M
B) 2.9 × 10–28 M
C) 8.9 × 10-9 M
D) 8.6 × 102 M
E) 2.8 × 10-2 M
59) An iron plate of 0.559 m2 surface area is to be chrome plated using a chromic acid-sulfuric acid
plating bath. The anode and cathode half-equations are:
Cathode: Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 12 e– → 2 Cr(s) + 7 H2O(l) E° = 0.320 V
Anode: 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e– E° = 1.229 V
Determine the minimum energy needed to produce a plating 0.115 mm thick on the iron plate. The
density of chromium is 7.19 g/cm3.
A) 526 kJ
B) 780 kJ
C) 1.05 × 103 kJ
D) 4.68 × 103 kJ
E) 9.36 × 103 kJ
60) MnO4–(aq) produces what manganese-containing species when used as an oxidizing agent in weakly
basic solution?
A) MnO42-
B) Mn
C) Mn2+
D) Mn2O3
E) MnO2
61) Choose the INCORRECT statement.
A) Iron’s main use is in steel.
B) The ferromagnetic metals are Fe, Co, Ni.
C) Iron only exists in +1 and +2 oxidation states.
D) Fe, Co, and Ni can all exist in the +2 oxidation state.
E) Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+ because it has a half-filled d subshell.