b. crack
c. cocaine
d. marijuana
e. heroin
70. Which of the following demographic groups are you most likely to find overrepresented in the prison population of
most states?
a. white men
b. white-collar workers
c. high school graduates
d. Hispanic men
e. Asian American men
71. The development of this technology has increased the number of people exonerated after being convicted.
a. DNA
b. NCN
c. AMA
d. NRA
e. AARP
72. According to the U.S. Supreme Court, inmates who claim they have been wrongfully convicted:
a. have no constitutional right to retest the evidence presented at their trial for their DNA.
b. should automatically invoke their right against self-incrimination.
c. can request appeal based on ineffective assistance of counsel.
d. deserve an automatic mistrial, due to an incompetent jury.
e. have a constitutional right to retest the evidence presented at their trial for their DNA.
73. Which is NOT one of the goals of punishment?
a. reeducation
b. specific deterrence
c. rehabilitation
d. retribution
e. general deterrence
74. Punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed on the rights of others and so deserves to be penalized is
the definition of:
a. incapacitation.
b. special deterrence.
c. rehabilitation.
d. retribution.
e. general deterrence.
75. The goal of restoring a convicted offender to a constructive place in society is called:
a. incapacitation.
b. special deterrence.
c. rehabilitation.
d. retribution.
e. general deterrence.
76. This approach to punishment was widely accepted as a goal from the 1940s to the 1970s.
a. incapacitation
b. special deterrence
c. rehabilitation
d. retribution
e. general deterrence
77. This approach to punishment requires a three-way approach that involves the offender, the victim, and the
community.
a. incapacitation
b. special deterrence
c. rehabilitation
d. retribution
e. restorative
78. Punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender’s criminal act
is called
a. incapacitation.
b. special deterrence.
c. rehabilitation.
d. retribution.
e. restorative.
79. Rehabilitation focuses on the:
a. community.
b. victim.
c. offender.
d. prosecutor.
e. presiding judge.
80. The three basic sentencing structures include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. indeterminate sentencing.
b. incarceration sentencing.
c. determinate sentencing.
d. mandatory sentencing.
81. Which of the three basic sentencing structures was used when rehabilitation dominated corrections?
a. indeterminate sentencing
b. incarceration sentencing
c. determinate sentencing
d. mandatory sentencing
82. Which of the three basic sentencing structures was used when the public’s fear and anger about crime dominated
corrections?
a. indeterminate sentencing
b. incarceration sentencing
c. determinate sentencing
d. mandatory sentencing
83. “Three strikes and you’re out” is an example of which of the three basic sentencing structures?
a. indeterminate sentencing
b. incarceration sentencing
c. determinate sentencing
d. mandatory sentencing
84. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that potential jurors who object to the death penalty cannot be automatically
excluded from service.
a. Furman v. Georgia (1972)
b. Knox v. Kennedy (1986)
c. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987)
d. Payne v. Tennessee (1991)
e. Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968)
85. A fine is an example of what type of sanction?
a. in-the-middle sanctions
b. indeterminate sanctions
c. intermediate sanctions
d. incapacitation sentences
e. retributive sentences
86. Home confinement is an example of what type of sanction?
a. in-the-middle sanctions
b. indeterminate sanctions
c. intermediate sanctions
d. incapacitation sentences
e. retributive sentences
Frank has been found guilty of murder and is awaiting his sentencing.
87. Frank’s crime was heinous. Decisions regarding his punishment (either very lengthy incarceration definitely or death)
will most certainly fulfill which goal?
a. incapacitation
b. specific deterrence
c. rehabilitation
d. retribution
e. general deterrence
88. Frank was sentenced to death. Which punishment goal will not be fulfilled upon Frank’s execution?
a. incapacitation
b. specific deterrence
c. rehabilitation
d. retribution
e. general deterrence
89. The judge’s decision to impose the death penalty was heavily influenced by the information she received from the
prosecutor before the judge pronounced Franks’ sentence. This information was contained in a:
a. sentencing report.
b. incarceration report.
c. presentence report.
d. death sentence report.
e. victim’s report.
Completion
90. ________ is a punishment goal inflicted on a person who has harmed others and so deserves to be penalized.
91. ____________________ occurs when a convicted offender does not commit a future crime for fear of receiving a
known punishment.
92. ____________________ is punishment designed to be an example for the public.
93. ____________________ is the goal of punishment that is designed to keep offenders in prison so they do not cause
harm to the public.
94. Making the best use of expensive and limited prison space by targeting for incarceration those individuals whose
incapacity will do the most to reduce crime in society is referred to as ___________________.
95. _______ ________is a punishment goal designed to repair the damage done to the victim and the community.
96. The goal of restoring a convicted offender to society through educational training is called ____________________.
97. A ____________________ sentence fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period of time.
98. ________________ is a period set by a judge that specifies a minimum and a maximum time to be served in prison.
99. _________________ sets a minimum and maximum range of months and years, allowing judges the ability to fix the
length of the sentence within that range, while applying special circumstances.
100. A ____________________ sentence is determined by statute and cannot be altered by a judge.
101. If an offender is released early for positive behavior, it is known as ____________________.
102. If an offender is released early for participation in educational or other rehabilitation programs, it is known as
_______________.
103. Punishments that fall somewhere between the extremes of prison and probation are referred to as
____________________ sanctions.
104. ________ __ _______ refers to law that require offenders to serve a substantial proportion of their prison sentence
before being released on parole.
105. ____________________ is the punishment with the lowest level of control that can be imposed by the correctional
system.
106. Sentences that combine short periods of incarceration with regular probation are referred to as
____________________.
107. During the 1980s, the number of people facing the death penalty ______ steadily.
108. In ____________________ the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty as administered constituted cruel
and unusual treatment.
109. The U.S. Supreme Court declared that the death penalty was not implemented in a racially discriminatory manner in
the case of ___________________________________.
110. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in _______________that the death penalty cannot be imposed as punishment for the
crime of child rape.
111. A ____________________ is provided to a judge by a probation officer that discusses the convicted offender’s
background and criminal history.
112. In states with ____________________, judges use a grid to determine the expected sanction for specific offenses, in
order to reduce disparities in sentencing.
113. Identification of individuals through ____________________ analysis has led to an increasing number of people
convicted by juries being later proven innocent.
114. A ____________________ occurs when someone is sentenced to death for a crime they did not commit.
115. _______ ________ requires a three-way approach that involves the offender, the victim, and the community.
116. Since the late 1970s, ________ as a justification for the criminal sanction has aroused new interest, largely
because of dissatisfaction with results of rehabilitation.
117. During ___ ___, those who feel so strongly about capital punishment that they could not give an impartial
verdict may be excluded.
118. Fines, restitution, and forfeitures are examples of ______ sanctions.
Subjective Short Answer
119. Based upon Kants’ history, the best outcome for the justice system would be:
a. incapacitation.
b. restorative justice.
c. rehabilitation.
d. death penalty.
e. shock probation.
120. Kant’s case will most likely be heard and sentenced in which type of court?
a. felony
b. misdemeanor
c. superior
d. appellate
e. supreme
121. Kants is sentenced to three years of probation. He is required to talk to a group of juvenile offenders as one of his:
a. punishments.
b. plea bargains.
c. conditions.
d. elements.
e. presentence requirements.
Wendy Cummings is a 34-year-old black female who kills both her children by strangulation after reporting that she heard
voices saying the devil made her do it. She does not have a history of psychiatric disorders. When the officers arrest her,
she states that she will kill every one of them as well.
122. Wendy’s case draws a great deal of media attention. The prosecutor seeks the death penalty due to the public outcry.
What is the chance that Wendy will receive the death penalty?
a. Likely; more defendants have been sentenced to death in the last five years.
b. Likely; women typically receive the death penalty more than men.
c. Not likely; fewer defendants have received the death penalty in the last five years.
d. Not likely; the death penalty is considered cruel and unusual punishment.
123. Wendy was sentenced to the death penalty. Most likely she will be put to death by:
a. electric chair.
b. firing squad.
c. gas chamber.
d. lethal injection.
e. hanging.
124. After the sentence, Wendy wants her attorney to appeal based upon racial disparity. Her judge tries to explain to her
that there has been a legal precedent established in:
a. Roper v. Simmons (2005).
b. Furman v. Georgia (1972).
c. Gregg v. Georgia (1976).
d. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987).
e. Singer v. Sang (2001).
125. Since Wendy will be placed away from society she will no longer be able to commit additional crimes. This is an
example of:
a. general deterrence.
b. specific deterrence.
c. incapacitation.
d. protective incapacitation.
e. retribution.
Jordan Snow has served 15 years of a 25-year sentence for first-degree rape. He was 20 when he was originally sentenced.
Jordan had a previous charge of larceny, which the judge had to include during the rape sentencing. Jordan has always
stated that he is innocent and one day he would prove it.
126. Because the judge was forced to use Jordan’s previous record in his sentence, Jordan was most likely sentenced
using:
a. consecutive sentencing.
b. sentencing guidelines.
c. mandatory sentencing.
d. indeterminate sentencing.
e. secure sentencing.
127. Jordan has been in contact with the Innocence Project to have his case appealed based upon new developments that
have the potential to free him. The technology developments are most likely:
a. RNA.
b. DNA.
c. CAN.
d. RTL.
e. NRA.
128. Jordan’s DNA results have come back exonerating him from the crime. He is the victim of a:
a. punishment.
b. wrongful conviction.
c. shame.
d. DNA proof.
e. prosecutorial misconduct.
Essay
129. While the incarceration rate has risen dramatically in the past 20 years, the number of people executed has declined.
Identify two factors that explain this decrease in the execution rate. Does this signal a change in punishment philosophy in
the United States? Explain why or why not.
130. Which purposes of punishment is the death penalty designed to serve? Support your answer.
131. Some countries (such as Singapore) use corporal punishment as sanctions in criminal cases. What purposes of
punishment does this serve? Would corporal punishment be allowed to occur under the U.S. Constitution? Explain your
answer.
132. The Supreme Court has decided that it is constitutional to allow jurors opposed to the death penalty to be excluded
from capital trials. What effect might this have on decisions made by such juries? Can such juries be “fair and impartial”
according to the Sixth Amendment? Explain your answer while drawing from material in the text.
133. According to Roper v. Simmons (2005), individuals who have committed crimes under the age of 18 are not eligible
to for the death penalty. Why is this so important to the cultural morals and values of our present day society? Do we
value youth or are we eternally hopeful of the power of rehabilitation?
134. We typically take the advent of DNA for granted, oftentimes forgetting that it is still a relatively new concept. Is
DNA foolproof? What errors, if any, may occur while relying on only DNA for evidence?
135. The term CSI effect is thrown around quite liberally among criminal justice professionals. What exactly is the CSI
effect? How has it impacted the courtroom, especially the modern-day juror?
136. Can and should the death penalty be abolished? How would this impact society? Can we truly say we value life and
yet resort to the death penalty? Why or why not?
137. Currently, mentally ill defendants can be put to death in those states that have capital punishment. Should mental
illness be an eliminating factor when it comes to the death penalty? Why or why not?
138. Should those individuals who have served time and later found wrongfully convicted have reparations paid to them
by the governmental body who wrongly incarcerated them? Can you place a monetary value on the loss of freedom?
139. Criminal sanctions in the United States have four main goals. What are they and explain their purpose.
140. What are the three types of sentences that result in incarceration? Explain the differences between them.
141. What are the differences between intermediate sanctions and probation?