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Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
True / False
1. Costa Rica now has very low biodiversity.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Forest fires cause the germination of seeds of certain tree species.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Today, forests in the United States (including tree plantations) cover more area than they did in 1920.
a.
True
b.
False
4. A tree plantation, also called a tree farm or commercial forest, is a managed forest containing only one or two species
of trees that are all of the same age.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Removing dams and allowing rivers to flow freely can help restore biodiversity.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Tree plantations can help protect the world’s remaining old-growth and second-growth forests, as long as the forests are
not cleared to make room for tree plantations.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Traditional medicines are derived mostly from plant species that are native to forests.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Water evaporating from trees and vegetation in tropical rain forests has little effect on the amount of rainfall there.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Commercial forests have the same biodiversity as old-growth forests.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Surface fires free valuable plant nutrients tied up in slowly decomposing litter and undergrowth.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Surface fires burn away flammable material such as dry brush, increasing the likelihood of more destructive fires.
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
a.
True
b.
False
12. A program called a debt-for-nature swap makes it financially attractive for countries to protect their tropical forests.
a.
True
b.
False
13. One way to reduce the demand for tree cutting is to increase the use of throwaway paper products made from trees.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Conservation concessions involve governments or private conservation organizations paying nations for agreeing to
preserve their natural resources.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Costa Rica is a global conservation leader.
a.
True
b.
False
16. About 96% of parklands in less-developed countries are protected.
a.
True
b.
False
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
17. About 40% of the earth’s land area (not including Antarctica) is protected as nature reserves, parks, or wilderness
areas.
a.
True
b.
False
18. One way to help sustain terrestrial biodiversity would be to map the world’s terrestrial ecosystems and create an
inventory of the species contained in each of them, along with the ecosystem services they provide.
a.
True
b.
False
19. When managed properly, ecotourism can be a useful form of reconciliation ecology, but without proper controls, it
can lead to degradation of popular sites if visitors overrun them.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Ocean acidification benefits organisms that produced calcium carbonate shells, but harms other species.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Overfishing is an example of the tragedy of the commons.
a.
True
b.
False
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
22. Scientific studies show that in fully protected marine reserves, on average, commercially valuable fish populations
double and fish increase in size.
a.
True
b.
False
23. Studies indicate that at least half of the world’s known species of terrestrial plants, animals, and insects live in tropical
forests.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Once an area of tropical forest is logged and burned, ranchers can graze cattle there for decades.
a.
True
b.
False
25. One way to protect houses and other building in fire-prone areas is to thin trees and other vegetation in a zone around
them.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
26. Ocean acidification is the result of ____.
a.
acid rain
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
b.
the ocean absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
c.
eutrophication
d.
ecosystem changes induced by overfishing
e.
warming ocean water
27. Old-growth forests are also known as ____.
a.
primary forests
b.
second-growth forests
c.
tree farms
d.
succession forests
e.
strip forests
28. Which type of forest is considered a reservoir of biodiversity?
a.
old-growth
b.
second-growth
c.
commercial
d.
tree plantation
e.
selective
29. Removing all the trees from an area is called a ____.
a.
selective-cut
b.
clear-cut
c.
second-cut
d.
strip-cut
e.
purge-cut
30. Strip cutting of timber is a method of harvesting that ____.
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
a.
harvests trees singly
b.
involves clearing trees along a contour of the land within a narrow corridor
c.
removes all trees from a very large area, with no attention to land contours
d.
is particularly damaging to the forest
e.
is promoted by logging companies because of the high profit margin
31. Which type of forest naturally develops after the trees in an area have been removed by human activities, such as
clear-cutting for timber or conversion to cropland, or by natural forces such as fires and hurricanes?
a.
old-growth forest
b.
primary forest
c.
tree plantation
d.
second-growth forest
e.
recovery forest
32. Which type of fires usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor?
a.
ecotone fires
b.
transition fires
c.
canopy fires
d.
crown fires
e.
surface fires
33. A(n) ____ is an extremely hot fire that leaps from treetop to treetop, burning whole trees.
a.
surface fire
b.
crown fire
c.
ecotone fire
d.
strip fire
e.
clear fire
34. A tree harvesting method that involves cutting intermediate-aged or mature trees singly or in small groups is called
____.
a.
clear-cutting
b.
strip cutting
c.
selective cutting
d.
patch cutting
e.
landscape cutting
35. Sustainable management and harvesting of forests are certified by the ____.
a.
U.S. Forest Service
b.
California Conservation Core
c.
Forest Stewardship Council
d.
Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species
e.
Endangered Species Act
36. Tropical forests in the Amazon and other South American countries are cleared or burned primarily ____.
a.
due to urban sprawl
b.
to enable the construction of major highways
c.
for lumber needed in growing cities
d.
for cattle grazing and large soybean plantations
e.
to enable the expansion of mining
37. In Indonesia, Malaysia, and other areas of Southeast Asia, tropical forests are being replaced by large ____
plantations.
a.
kenaf
b.
soybean
c.
coconut
d.
oil palm
e.
rice
38. What could governments do regarding deforestation to be consistent with the full-cost pricing principle of
sustainability?
a.
Increase taxes on fuel to drive up the price of timber.
b.
Replace subsidies/tax breaks that encourage deforestation with forest-sustaining economic rewards.
c.
Outlaw logging.
d.
Build logging roads so companies can access forest land more easily.
e.
Ban the use of cardboard and other paper products.
39. Why do vines increase the damage to a forest done by selective cutting?
a.
The increased light penetration causes them to grow, damaging the remaining trees.
b.
They cause many of the cut trees to be discarded rather than used.
c.
They are ripped out of the ground and greatly disturb the soil.
d.
When the selected trees are cut, the vines pull down other trees with them.
e.
They are often cut and left behind, greatly increasing the forest’s vulnerability to fire.
40. A plant called kenaf would help to reduce the pressure to cut trees because its fiber is very useful for ____.
a.
paper manufacturing
b.
home construction material
c.
furniture making
d.
fencing and decking material
e.
fabric for outdoor carpeting
41. According to environmental writer Bill McKibben, “the great environmental story of the United States, and in some
ways, the whole world” is the ____.
a.
restoration of grasslands
b.
regrowth of forests
c.
production of biofuels on forest land
d.
restoration of aquatic ecosystems
e.
restoration of saguaro cactus stands
42. ____ involves confining cattle with portable fencing to one area for a few days and then moving them to a new
location.
a.
Erosion control
b.
Rotational grazing
c.
Nutrient cycling
d.
Organic grazing
e.
Confined animal feeding operations
43. Gray wolves disappeared from Yellowstone National Park because ____.
a.
their habitat has severely degraded
b.
of a series of devastating crown fires
c.
elk were overhunted by humans
d.
they were killed by humans
e.
a virus wiped out the population
44. Natural ecological restoration of riparian areas can happen if ____.
a.
enough chemical fertilizer is applied
b.
there is aggressive planting of native trees and shrubs
c.
the native fish in the adjacent stream or river are restocked
d.
overgrazed land is protected through rotational grazing
e.
cloud seeding is performed
45. According to the National Park Service, ____ degrades scenic views in many U.S. national parks more than 90% of
the time.
a.
soil erosion
b.
logging
c.
forest fires
d.
air pollution
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
e.
acid rain
46. Reintroduction of the wolf eventually reduced attacks on domestic cattle by what other species?
a.
golden eagle
b.
coyote
c.
fox
d.
grizzly bear
e.
local wild dogs
47. The wolf reintroduction was based partly on its importance as a(n) ____.
a.
indicator species
b.
generalist species
c.
fur-bearing species
d.
keystone species
e.
predator on grizzly bear cubs
48. According to your textbook, one of the biggest problems for U.S. national and state parks today is ____.
a.
popularity
b.
nearby human activities
c.
forest clearing
d.
poaching
e.
soil erosion
49. In debt-for-nature swaps, participating countries ____.
a.
act as custodians of protected forest reserves in return for foreign aid or debt relief
b.
take out loans to finance nature preserves
c.
sell nature preserves to industries to pay off debts
d.
invest in ecologically sound companies
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
e.
repay debts with raw natural resources rather than currency
50. Which common problem of U.S. cities is now an issue in United States national parks?
a.
homeless people
b.
lack of funding for schools
c.
air pollution
d.
high crime rates
e.
alcoholism
51. Which practice would make forestry less sustainable?
a.
Reduce road-building in forests.
b.
Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes.
c.
Clear old-growth forests for tree plantations.
d.
Include ecosystem services of forests in estimates of their economic value.
e.
Leave most standing dead trees and larger fallen trees for wildlife habitat and nutrient cycling.
52. The zone of a biosphere reserve where there would be little, if any, disturbance from human activities would be the
____.
a.
wilderness zone
b.
transition zone
c.
inner core
d.
perimeter
e.
biozone
53. Which country pays landowners to restore tree cover?
a.
Panama
b.
Brazil
c.
Costa Rica
d.
China
