CHAPTER 9: EARLY EXPERIMENTS IN CRIME PREVENTION AND THE
EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGIES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According to the text, when evaluating the success of crime prevention programs, they should be
carefully examined for all of the following reasons except:
a.
measuring what did not happen is nearly impossible.
b.
crime is usually overreported.
c.
the reduction in reported crime could be the result of the crime prevention program or
occur because the responsible criminal or criminals left town, went to jail on some other
charge, died, and so on.
d.
crime can be influenced by everything from season and weather changes, school truancy
rates, and the flu.
2. To reduce crime and the fear of crime, the Hartford Experiment involved:
a.
organizing citizens to improve their neighborhoods.
b.
changing the physical environment.
c.
changing the delivery of police services.
d.
all of the above
3. One hazard of citizen patrols is the possibility of:
a.
volunteerism.
b.
reciprocity.
c.
vigilantism.
d.
all of the above
4. DARE programs are aimed at:
a.
preschool age children.
b.
elementary age school children.
c.
middle-school or junior high children.
d.
high-school and college students.
5. The Officer Friendly program is:
a.
an athletic program for youth.
b.
a highly rated TV show for children that teaches crime prevention.
c.
a ride-along program for youths.
d.
a program generally including a police officer who goes into classes to discuss good
-citizenship, responsibility, and general safety.
6. Explorer programs are:
a.
affiliated with the Boy Scouts of America.
b.
diversion programs for juvenile offenders.
c.
crime awareness programs for youths ages 7 to 12.
d.
none of the above
7. According to the text, since ancient time this method of deterring and detecting crime has been used.
a.
bicycle patrols
b.
fear reduction
c.
volunteers
d.
street lighting
8. According to the text, the goals of most police–school liaison programs include all except:
a.
improving police–youth relations.
b.
preventing juvenile delinquency.
c.
enforcing school regulations.
d.
monitoring relations among police, school administrators, and teachers.
9. Which of the following was not a result of the Baltimore County COPE Project?
a.
a 10 percent reduction in citizens’ fear of crime
b.
an increase in calls for service
c.
increased citizen awareness of and satisfaction with the police
d.
improved police officer attitudes
10. DARE refers to:
a.
a game police use to teach preschool children the danger of strangers.
b.
an elementary education program to teach children to avoid drug use.
c.
a theft prevention program geared toward teens.
d.
an adventure survival course offered to at-risk teens to build their self-esteem.
11. According to the text, which is not considered a commonly used crime prevention program by law
enforcement?
a.
street light project
b.
citizen patrol
c.
road blocks
d.
property marking
12. One component of crime prevention through environmental design is:
a.
clean sewers.
b.
street lighting.
c.
clearly marked parking spaces.
d.
property identification.
13. In the first Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, positive results were reported by:
a.
residents.
b.
business owners.
c.
both a and b
d.
neither a nor b
14. McGruff is:
a.
the Oklahoma City Police Chief.
b.
the lead researcher and author of an extensive study of the outcomes of community-based
policing.
c.
a spokesperson in a media campaign to teach crime prevention.
d.
the founder of CPTED.
15. A factor considered when selecting candidates for the Deferred Prosecution/First Offenders Unit is:
a.
the offender’s credit rating.
b.
the nature of the current offense.
c.
the educational level of the offender.
d.
all of the above
16. The largest online safety group that provides help for online victims of crime is:
a.
the Guardian Angels.
b.
WiredSafety.
c.
Net Safe.
d.
Citizens Against Internet Predators.
17. A new Neighborhood Watch program, nicknamed “Community Policing 2.0,” is called:
a.
mobile crime watch.
b.
youth crime watch.
c.
business watch.
d.
iWatch.
18. Relieving the courts of matters not requiring the formalities of judicial intervention is an example of:
a.
the Deferred Prosecution/First Offenders Unit.
b.
Community Dispute Resolution Centers.
c.
Volunteers in Parole.
d.
positive interaction.
19. According to the text, which crime prevention programs are among the most visible in the United
States?
a.
MADD
b.
Crime Stoppers
c.
Citizen Crime Prevention Associations
d.
all of the above
20. Qualitative evaluations are __________ than quantitative evaluations.
a.
less descriptive and less statistical
b.
more descriptive and less statistical
c.
less descriptive and more statistical
d.
more descriptive and more statistical
21. According to the text, resistance to change is common, especially in tradition-oriented professions.
The six impediments to implementing innovative community-oriented policing include all of the
following except:
a.
lack of vision.
b.
cost of innovation.
c.
cost of training.
d.
unions.
22. A modern example of the Guardian Angles is/are the:
a.
Cyber Neighborhood.
b.
Cyber Guardian Angels.
c.
CyberAngels.
d.
Cyber Stoppers
23. In the Flint Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program:
a.
communication with citizens was a primary objective.
b.
officers were given great discretion.
c.
both a and b
d.
neither a nor b
24. According to the text, the typical youth-related crime prevention programs include all of the following
except:
a.
police athletic leagues.
b.
Officer Friendly.
c.
National Night Out.
d.
DARE.
25. Included among the most common traditional crime prevention programs used are:
a.
lobbying for longer prison sentences and tougher laws.
b.
citizen training in use of firearms and self-defense.
c.
neighborhood watch and property marking projects.
d.
all of the above
26. Improving lighting to deter and detect crimes:
a.
is an example of synergism.
b.
is an example of CPTED.
c.
has no impact on how safe people feel.
d.
is the most important factor in reducing the occurrence of crime.
27. According to the text, youth have traditionally been included in police–community programs that
include all the following except:
a.
police athletic leagues.
b.
private patrols.
c.
DARE programs.
d.
police explorer programs.
28. To reduce the residential burglary rate, the Seattle Citywide Crime Prevention Program used all of the
following except:
a.
self-defense courses.
b.
neighborhood block watches.
c.
home security checks.
d.
property identification.
29. This nonprofit, grassroots organization was founded in California in 1980 to combat drunk driving:
a.
Prosecutors Against Drunk Driving.
b.
Officers Against Drunk Driving.
c.
Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
d.
Veterans Against Drunk Driving.
30. Available research indicates that street lighting:
a.
decreases the incidence of crime.
b.
reduces citizens’ fear of crime.
c.
both a and b
d.
neither a nor b
31. According to the text, block or neighborhood watch programs would not be described as:
a.
the backbone of the nation’s community crime prevention effort.
b.
mutual aid societies.
c.
the eyes and ears of the police.
d.
vigilantism.
32. Good examples of special crime watch programs are:
a.
electronic surveillance companies.
b.
storefront police precincts.
c.
realtor and carrier watch programs.
d.
all of the above
33. Property identification projects are aimed at:
a.
deterring burglary.
b.
returning property that is stolen when deterrence fails.
c.
both a and b
d.
neither a nor b
34. According to the text, all are goals of the police athletic league except:
a.
partnering with the Big Brothers/Big Sisters association.
b.
reducing gang membership.
c.
reducing the use and sale of drugs.
d.
reducing violence in the community.
35. The nationwide program that encourages residents to turn on their porch lights, go outside, and meet
their neighbors is:
a.
National Night Out.
b.
Crime Stoppers.
c.
the McGruff “Take a Bite Out of Crime” program.
d.
Operation Crime Watch.
36. Dispute resolution centers contracted by the Unified Court System of the State of New York do all of
the following except:
a.
provide dispute resolution resources for local communities.
b.
prevent escalation of disputes.
c.
relieve the courts of matters not requiring judicial intervention.
d.
teach individuals how to resolve their disputes through community class action lawsuits.
37. Studies have shown that CCTV:
a.
only reduced crime where people were aware they were being watched.
b.
had no affect on crime.
c.
reduced crime.
d.
made citizens more aware of crime in their neighborhoods.
38. The DARE Program was started by:
a.
Orlando Police Department.
b.
Seattle Police Department.
c.
Los Angeles Police Department.
d.
New York Police Department.
39. The most common activities of Neighborhood Watch programs are:
a.
Operation Identification programs and home security surveys.
b.
firearm training seminars and self-defense demonstrations.
c.
roadside litter cleanup and graffiti removal.
d.
school crosswalk monitoring and latchkey kid programs.
40. According to the text, the most frequently committed violent crime in the United States is:
a.
homicide.
b.
domestic violence.
c.
alcohol-impaired driving.
d.
sexual assault.
41. Traditionally, the most common forms of crime prevention were:
a.
foot patrols.
b.
newsletters.
c.
community organizing.
d.
all of the above
42. The 18 model crime reduction programs evaluated by the National Symposium on -Community
Institutions and the Inner-City Crime Project shared all but one of the f-ollowing characteristics; they
did not:
a.
focus on causes of crime.
b.
target those who were less affluent.
c.
have sufficient resources.
d.
emphasize enforcement.
43. The Flint, Michigan, Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program appeared to do all the following except:
a.
decrease crime.
b.
decrease citizen satisfaction with the foot patrol program.
c.
reduce citizens’ fear of crime.
d.
create a positive perception of foot patrol officers.
44. McGruff has:
a.
been received favorably by the public.
b.
become a dated concept and is being phased out of the crime prevention arena.
c.
had little impact on what people know and do about crime prevention.
d.
both b and c
45. According to the text, including crime statistics in an anticrime newsletter:
a.
raises the fear level of citizens.
b.
decreases the exposure of the newsletter.
c.
increases its effectiveness.
d.
none of the above
46. A purpose of explorer programs is:
a.
to help police agencies develop favorable community relations.
b.
to provide early recruitment opportunities for law enforcement agencies.
c.
both a and b
d.
neither a nor b
47. In the second Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, positive results were obtained with:
a.
distribution of a newsletter.
b.
a coordinated foot patrol.
c.
a cleanup campaign.
d.
all of the above
TRUE/FALSE
1. The Whistle Stop program was designed to enhance citizens’ reporting capabilities.
2. A study of the Flint Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program found that officers on foot averaged much
higher levels of productivity across most of the standard performance measures than did police in cars.
3. Studies of CCTV usage found that more than two thirds of the interviewees were aware that they were
in a CCTV area
4. Reserve officers, auxiliary patrol members, and community service officers (CSOs) always wear
special uniforms and badges and must be armed.
5. Membership in MADD is open to anyone.
6. Resistance to change in a community is common.
7. Since ancient times, lighting has been one means to deter and detect crime.
8. In response to the Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, business owners believed crime increased.
9. General publicity campaigns directed at victims have had a limited effect.
10. Much research provides undisputed proof that DARE programs have long-term, positive results.
11. The Portland antiburglary program succeeded in reducing the burglary rate for those who participated.
12. The Boston Foot Patrol Project found that increasing or decreasing foot patrol staffing had no impact
on violent crimes.
13. In the Flint experiment, motorized patrol was rated superior in preventing crime and -encouraging
citizen self-protection.
14. According to the text, studies showed the 18 model crime reduction programs evaluated by the
National Symposium on Community Institutions and the Inner-City Crime Project all had strong
leaders.
15. The Citywide Crime Prevention Program of Seattle focused on residential burglary.
16. According to the text, community-based corrections gained popularity in the 1990s but are still resisted
by many neighborhoods.
17. Referrals to dispute resolution centers can come from individuals wishing to refer -themselves.
18. Although crime newsletters make readers more aware of crime, they also generally increase citizens’
fear of crime.
19. The way courts address the accused has a direct impact on the crime problem and on -community
policing efforts.
20. Citizen crime reporting programs (CCRPs) help to organize neighborhoods as mutual aid societies and
as the eyes and ears of the police.
21. Ample evidence suggests communities that participate in Operation Identification programs have a
greater number of apprehended and convicted burglars.
22. A benefit of the Deferred Prosecution/First Offenders Unit is that it conserves police, -prosecutorial,
judicial, and correctional resources.
23. Whatever the cost to implement, community policing appears to offer a realistic approach to reducing
violence, crime, and the drug problem.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Community-based corrections is also called __________________.
2. CPTED stands for __________________.
3. Often referred to as __________________ projects, property identification is aimed at -deterring
burglary and at returning property that is stolen when deterrence fails.
4. A study based on observation or practical experience is called a/an __________________ study.
5. The __________________ Foot Patrol Experiment has garnered attention lately for its focus on
place-based policing.
6. PAL stands for __________________.
7. In the second experiment conducted in Newark, they did not show a reduction in fear of crime
according to the __________________.
8. In the fear-reduction strategy experiments in Newark and Houston, coordinated community policing
was also known as the __________________ project.
9. __________________ are more descriptive and less statistical than quantitative ones.
10. ____________________ is an approach to problem solving that asks what is it about this location that
places people at risk, or that results in opportunities for crime.
11. Community-based __________________ gained popularity in the 1990s but are still resisted by many
neighborhoods.
12. In the context of law enforcement a PSA is a __________________.
ESSAY
1. List and explain the various ways police departments may use volunteers, and what powers, if any, are
afforded such volunteers.
2. Discuss and explain the use of the media in the McGruff crime prevention program and how it was
received by the public.
3. List and discuss the numerous impediments to implementing community policing, including ways a
department might overcome such challenges.
4. Describe the police anticrime newsletters and brochures and how they assist law enforcement in
community relations.
5. List and briefly describe the types of special crime watches that have been used.
6. Describe how MADD began and the initiatives started by MADD.
7. According to the text, discuss the various corrections-based approaches to crime prevention that have
proven effective.