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1. It is more common to have female membership in predominately male gangs than to have single-sex, female-only
gangs.
a.
True
b.
False
2. According to control theory approach, articulated by Travis Hirschi, delinquents are very attached to their peers.
a.
True
b.
False
3. Gangs are a uniquely American phenomenon and do not exist outside the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Asian gang members are known for their distinctive dress codes.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Asian gangs tend to be far less territorial and less openly visible than other ethnically centered groups.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Youths who report inadequate or strained peer relations are the ones most likely to become delinquent.
a.
True
b.
False
7. The 18th Street Gang is believed by some experts to be the largest gang in the nation.
a.
True
b.
False
8. When the peer group provides the social and emotional basis for antisocial activity, a clique is transformed into a gang.
a.
True
b.
False
9. The Gang Prevention and Intervention Survey found that fully two-thirds of gang members reported having members in
their gang whose parents are also active members.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals often escalates into verbal or physical confrontation.
a.
True
b.
False
11. Romantic love may have a mitigating effect on gang involvement.
a.
True
b.
False
12. The definition of a gang is a group of adolescents involved in delinquent behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Gangs are a recent phenomenon limited to the United States.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Most gangs are located in urban areas, and most large urban areas have reported the presence of gangs.
a.
True
b.
False
15. The impact of globalization has been to create large economically depressed urban areas where gangs can flourish and
export their influence.
a.
True
b.
False
16. A social gang is involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana use.
a.
True
b.
False
17. An organized gang is involved in few delinquent activities and heavily involved in drug use and sales.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Gang members are increasingly getting older, due in part to a worsening economy.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Detached Street Workers was a program from the 1950s designed to remove prostitutes from their beats.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Policymakers are encouraged to expand the use of evidence-based policies that are scientifically proven to reduce
juvenile recidivism.
a.
True
b.
False
21. A friendship _____ is considered an association with a single “best friend.”
a.
clique
b.
partnership
c.
dyad
d.
duo
22. Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and activities with each other are referred to as _____.
a.
families
b.
crowds
c.
groups
d.
cliques
23. _____ refers to loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities.
a.
Cohorts
b.
Crowds
c.
Dyads
d.
Cliques
24. Groups of youth who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors are called _____.
a.
controversial status youth
b.
gangs
c.
Cliques
d.
status groups
25. Reviews of research show that juvenile delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups, rather than by youths
acting alone. This is called _____.
a.
gang banging
b.
wilding
c.
co-offending
d.
group participation
26. It is possible that ____ love can fill a void of lessening parental attachment, and therefore result in less delinquent
behavior.
a.
romantic
b.
adolescent
c.
conflictual
d.
puppy
27. Frederick Thrasher coined the term _____, to describe a group that fills a crack in the social fabric and maintains
standard group practices.
a.
criminal gang
b.
interstitial group
c.
gang banger
d.
profit gang
28. In a process called _____, close friends reinforce deviant behavior through talk and interaction.
a.
deviancy training
b.
social bonding
c.
clique control
d.
sports
29. Frederick Thrasher did most of his research on gangs in the city of _____.
a.
Pittsburgh
b.
London
c.
Los Angeles
d.
Chicago
30. According to the National Youth Gang Survey, the most recent survey of gang membership estimates that there are
_____ gang members in the United States.
a.
110,000
b.
250,000
c.
400,000
d.
774,000
31. According to _____ theory, delinquent youths are loners who do not form attachments to others.
a.
rational choice
b.
anomie/alienation
c.
social disorganization
d.
strain
32. According to Jeffrey Fagan, this type of gang concentrates on drug use and sales, forgoing most delinquent behavior
except vandalism.
a.
Social gang
b.
Party gang
c.
Serious delinquent gang
d.
Organized gang
33. According to Jeffrey Fagan, the _____ gang is heavily involved in criminality; drug use and sales are related to other
criminal acts.
a.
social
b.
party
c.
serious delinquent
d.
organized
34. Clusters of youth who seem unified but actually have limited cohesion are called _____.
a.
near-groups
b.
hustlers
c.
Slangers
d.
ballers
35. _____ are the individuals who control the drug distribution in hard-core drug gangs.
a.
Homeboys
b.
Hustlers
c.
Slangers
d.
Ballers
36. _____ neighborhoods are inner-city areas of extreme poverty where the critical social control mechanisms have
broken down.
a.
Inefficient
b.
Developmental
c.
Disorganized
d.
Alienated
37. Research conducted by the National Gang Crime Research Center indicates that most youths join their first gang at
age _____.
a.
7
b.
9
c.
12
d.
16
38. Data gathered from the National Youth Gang Survey indicates that less than _____ of gang members are female.
a.
4%
b.
6%
c.
8%
d.
10%
39. The federal government sponsors the _____ to measure gang activity within the United Sates.
a.
Gang Victimization Survey
b.
Delinquent Youth Report
c.
National Youth Gang Survey
d.
Gang and Delinquency Survey
40. _____are subgroups of same-aged youths in Hispanic gangs that remain together and have separate names and a
unique identity in the gang.
a.
Placasos
b.
Controllos
c.
Klikas
d.
Locos
41. Gang drawings or inscriptions written on a wall or structure and used for gang messages and turf definition are called
_____.
a.
message boards
b.
codes
c.
signaling
d.
graffiti
42. According to the text, adolescent sexual activity _____ increases the likelihood of offending.
a.
without the promise of love
b.
with multiple partners
c.
with unknown partners
d.
without protection
43. The first mention of youth gangs in America occurred in the _____.
a.
early 1900s
b.
late 1780s
c.
late 1860s
d.
early 1820s
44. Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals, often escalating into a verbal or physical confrontation, is
called ____.
a.
posting
b.
representing
c.
signifying
d.
identifying
45. _____ gangs tend to victimize members of their own ethnic group, are more organized than other types of gangs, have
recognizable leaders, and tend to be secretive.
a.
Hispanic
b.
African American
c.
Anglo
d.
Asian
46. According to the _____ view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of security, at least from non-gang members.
a.
social injury
b.
sisterhood
c.
rational choice
d.
opportunistic
47. The _____ view of gang membership suggests that gangs appeal to adolescents’ longing for the tribal process that
sustained their ancestors.
a.
social
b.
psychological
c.
cultural
d.
anthropological
48. In regard to gang control, _____ refers to one or more police officers, usually from youth or detective units who are
assigned exclusively to gang-control work.
a.
gang details
b.
youth services programs
c.
gang units
d.
gang breakers
49. According to the _____ view, youths are encouraged to join gangs during periods of social, economic, and cultural
turmoil.
a.
socialization
b.
rational choice
c.
anomie/alienation
d.
psychological
50. _____ pairs one probation officer with two police officers to make surprise visits to the homes, schools, and worksites
of high-risk youth probationers during the nontraditional hours of 7 PM to midnight.
a.
Operation Ceasefire
b.
Operation Peacekeeper
c.
Operation Night Light
d.
Operation S.A.V.E.
51. In _____ , the California Court of Appeal ruled that prosecutors must first prove through clear and convincing
evidence that a person is a gang member before using an antigang injunction to restrict his or her right to engage in
everyday activities.
52. _____ is/are a method of enforcement in which police, armed with arrest and search warrants, enter a neighborhood in
an operation to make as many arrests as possible.
53. _____ was a problem-oriented policing approach that was developed as part of the Youth Violence Strike Force in
Boston.
54. According to the _____ view of gang membership, youths join gangs for protection, fun, survival, and to enhance their
lifestyle.
55. Female gang members begin to drift away from gangs when _____.
56. The three largest African American gangs are _____, _____, and _____.
57. _____ is a system of positions, facial expression, and body language used to convey a message.
58. A ____ is a member of a white supremacist gang, usually with Nazi of Ku Klux Klan markings.
59. In Latino gang writings, the term “rifa” means _____.
60. Today, about _____ law enforcement agencies with a gang problem operate a gang unit, including more than half of
larger cities.
61. According to the text, it is possible that _____ love discourages offending by strengthening the social bond.
62. Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences are called ____.
63. _____ is now regarded by law enforcement agencies as the nation’s most dangerous gang.
64. Traditionally, gangs have operated in _____ experiencing rapid population change.
65. According to the _____ view, youths join gangs to satisfy a desire to be needed and to be a part of something.
66. A _____ is a method of enforcement in which police, armed with arrest warrants, enter a neighborhood in force in an
operation to make as many arrests as possible.
67. A treatment-oriented ______ approach seeks to rehabilitate youths as opposed to simply incarcerating them.
68. A ______ strategy assigns police officers to keep peace in local neighborhoods.
69. A system of positions, facial expressions, and body language used by gang members to convey a message is called
_____.
70. _____ is inscriptions or drawings on walls and structures that convey gang messages and define turf.
71. Discuss the relationship between peer relations and delinquency.
72. Explain Thrasher’s, Klein’s, and Miller’s definitions of gangs. Discuss their similarities or differences.
73. Discuss why gangs have reemerged. Do you agree that economic and social conditions are factors in gang formation?
Explain.
74. Explain Hagedorn’s belief that changing social and economic conditions in the post-globalization world has supported
the spread of gang activity. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?
75. According to some researchers, gangs can be categorized by their dominant activity. Explain Fagan’s four categories
of gangs.
76. Discuss the anthropological view of why youths join gangs.
77. Discuss the anomie/alienation view of why youths join gangs. Do you agree or disagree with this theory? Explain.
78. Gang members are getting older and the majority of them are now legal adults. Explain why gang members are aging
and how this affects gang activity.
79. Explain the elements of Spergel’s Community Gang Control Program.
80. Explain the development of gangs from the 1600s in London, from the 1920s in the United States, to the development
of contemporary gangs.
