1. and Eleanor Glueck are today considered founders of the developmental branch of
criminological theory.
2. Integrating , social, and psychological elements, the Gluecks’ research suggested that the initiation
and continuity of a criminal career was a developmental process influenced by both internal and external
situations, conditions, and circumstances.
3. Those who study attempt to provide a more global vision of a criminal career,
encompassing its onset, continuation, and termination.
4. , in his Philadelphia cohort research, identified a small group of chronic offenders who
engaged in frequent and repeated criminal activity across their life spans.
5. Wolfgang found that while many offenders commit a single criminal act and thereafter desist from crime, a small
group of engage in frequent and repeated criminal activity and continue to do so across
their life span.
6. The concept of assumes that the propensity of an individual to participate in antisocial and/or
criminal behaviors is a relatively stable trait, unchanging over their life course.
7. A is a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or soon after
that makes some people crime-prone over the life course.
8. Life course theories recognize that as people mature the factors that influence their behaviors change. At first,
family relations may be most influential. In later adolescence,
and
relations dominate.
9.
Building
–positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining
supports conventional behavior and inhibits deviant behavior.
10. According to the principles of age–graded theory, repeated negative life experiences create a condition called
.
11. When Elaine Eggleston Doherty and Margaret Ensminger analyzed the relationship between marriage and official
arrest, they found strong evidence of a .
12. Most theories focus on why people get involved in crime. In an important 1993
work,
, Robert Sampson and John Laub instead focus on whether there are trails
back to conformity
13. In a critical 1990 article, David Rowe, D. Wayne Osgood, and W. Alan Nicewander proposed the concept of
to explain the flow of crime over the life cycle.
14. and Richard Herrnstein, published Crime and Human Nature in 1985 and suggested
that personal traits—such as genetic makeup, intelligence, and body build—may outweigh the importance of
social variables as predictors of criminal activity.
15. Critics of the general theory of crime claim that it is or involves circular reasoning.
16. Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate .
17. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime, the propensity to commit crime is tied directly
to a person’s level of .
18. The pathway to crime begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.
19.
The
pathway to crime begins with minor, underhanded behavior such as lying and shoplifting that
leads to property damage and that later escalates to more serious forms of criminality.
20. Developmental theory holds that criminality may best be understood as one of many social problems faced by
at-risk youth, a view termed . According to this view crime is one among a
group of interrelated antisocial behaviors.
21. Most young offenders follow one of two paths. “Typical teenagers” who get into minor scrapes and who engage
in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends are considered to be
.
22. are a small group of offenders who begin their career at an early age and then continue
to offend well into adulthood. For this group, the seeds of crime persistence are planted early in life and may
combine the effects of abnormal traits, such as neurological deficits, with severe family dysfunction.
23. According to , crime is one among a group of interrelated antisocial behaviors that
cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, smoking,
precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking,
and unemployment
24. The branch of criminology that examines change in a criminal career over the life course is known as:
a. the social development model. b. developmental criminology.
c. the general theory of crime. d. social control theory.
25. The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to , who researched the life cycle of delinquent
careers in the 1930s.
a. Marvin Wolfgang b. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
c. Rolf Loeber d. Sampson and Laub
26. The view that criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and
social experiences is known as:
a. the social development model. b. life course theory.
c. interactional theory. d. human nature theory.
27. According to life course theories, over time individuals’ behaviors will:
a. stay the same. b. get worse.
c. get better. d. all of the above
28. The view that human development is controlled by a stable propensity or “master trait,” present at birth or soon
after is:
a. strain theory. b. social economic theory.
c. age theory. d. latent trait theory.
29. According to latent trait theories, while the to commit crime is stable, the opportunity to commit crime
fluctuates over time.
a. desire b. ability
c. motivation d. propensity
30. According to , crime is a type of social problem rather than the product of other problems.
a. personality syndrome b. psychological syndrome
c. emotional syndrome d. problem behavior syndrome
31. Which of the following is not an antisocial behavior that problem behavior syndrome argues affects the likelihood
of criminal behavior?
a. unemployment b. free will
c. family dysfunction d. abuse
32. What does research show to be a key factor in terms of the early onset of criminality?
a. personality disorders b. racism
c. poor parental discipline d. all of above
33. Which of the following is not more typical of early–onset girls than early-onset boys?
a.
suicide
b. depression
c. substance abuse d. relationship problems
34. Most life course theories believe that the seeds of a criminal career are planted .
a. during young adulthood (20s) b. at any time
c. late in life d. early in life
35. Most life course theories assume that the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life and that early onset
of deviance strongly predicts .
a. the cycle of violence b. later poor parenting ability
c. one’s age of desistance d. later and more serious criminality
36. who have early experiences with antisocial behavior are the ones most likely to persist throughout their
life course.
a. Boys b. Girls
c. Boys and girls d. Victims
37. According to theories of the life course, factors are examples of feathres such as information processing
and attention/perception.
a. situational b. socialization
c. social d. cognitive
38. When referring to age–graded theory, research supports Sampson and Laub’s suspicion that criminal career
trajectories can be reversed if:
a. life conditions improve. b. criminal labels are withdrawn.
c. criminal labels are not internalized. d. social capital is reduced.
39. .Life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime are known as:
a. developmental shifts b. transition events.
c. key spots. d. turning points.
40. The life events most likely to enable adult offenders to desist from crime are:
a. religion and marriage b. marriage and career
c. education and religion d. marriage and education
41. What is known about the marriage factor and crime?
a. People who maintain successful marriages are more likely to mature out of a life of crime.
b. Marriage stabilizes people.
c. The marriage benefit may be intergenerational.
d. All of the above.
42. Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining are known as:
a. social connections. b. antisocial bonds.
c. social capital. d. turning points
43. is a crime-reducing social event. Research proves it to be a key element of social capital and informal
social control that allows offenders to lead more conventional lifestyles.
a. Unemployment b. Marriage
c. Exiting prison d. Being a victim
44. A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes
some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a/an:
a. life–factor. b. hidden characteristic.
c. underlying feature. d. latent trait.
45. According to latent trait theories, why are people who are antisocial during adolescence the most likely to persist
in crime?
a. because latent traits are stable.
b. because adolescents tend to associate with deviant peers.
c. because educational achievement is more difficult during an adolescent’s middle– and high–school years.
d. because cognitive ability is fully formed by adolescence.
46. An inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way is called a/an:
a. propensity. b. factor.
c. incidence. d. trait.
47. Which of the following is a stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, present at birth or soon after,
that makes some people crime prone over the life course.
a. latent trait b. propensity
c. birth right d. social contract
48. High levels of coercion produce criminality. Coercion that involves pressures beyond an individual’s control,
such as economic and social pressure caused by unemployment or poverty, is termed:
a. covert coercion. b. latent coercion.
c. interpersonal coercion. d. impersonal coercion.
49. According to Farrington, challenges control mechanisms but stops short of physical harm: for
example, vandalism, curfew violations, and unconventional sex.
a.
predation
b. defiance
c. submission d. deviance
50. According Farrington, involves direct forms of physical violence, such as robbery, sexual
assault, or other forms of assault.
a.
predation
b. defiance
c. submission d. control
51. According of Farrington, involves passive obedience to the demands of others, such as
submitting to physical or sexual abuse without response.
a.
predation
b. defiance
c. submission d. trait
52. The general theory of crime identifies five life domains that shape how an individual reacts to constraints and
motivations. Which of these is not a life domain?
a. self b. religion
c. family d. school
53. What theory, developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, considers the criminal offender and the criminal act as
separate concepts?
a. human nature theory b. age-graded theory
c. interactional theory d. general theory of crime
54. Gottfredson and Hirschi identify people with limited self-control as tending to be:
a.
sensitive.
b. aggressive.
c. irrational. d. impulsive.
55. Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self–control to inadequate:
a. nutrition and health care. b. intelligence.
c. child-rearing practices. d. education.
56. One of the small group of offenders whose criminal career continues well into adulthood.
a. life course persisters b. latent traiters
c. developmentally overt d. introverts
57. The pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates to physical fighting and
violence is known as:
a. the power pathway b. the authority conflict pathway
c. the overt pathway d. the covert pathway