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Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
e.
Norway
54. Strips of vegetation along stream or rivers are called ____.
a.
rangelands
b.
transition forests
c.
second-growth boundaries
d.
lianas
e.
riparian zones
55. After the number of wolves declined in Yellowstone National Park, ____.
a.
the ecosystem recovered and became more stable
b.
herds of elk, moose, and mule deer devastated willow and aspen trees near streams and rivers
c.
the elk population crashed
d.
forest fires decreased in frequency because the larger mule deer population controlled undergrowth
e.
coyotes took over their role in the ecosystem, leading to few changes
56. The Wilderness Act passed in 1964 allows the government to ____.
a.
take legal action against environmental degradation in wildlife preserves
b.
protect native species
c.
protect undeveloped tracts of public land
d.
protect national parks and reserves
e.
rotate usage of wildlife areas
57. Areas where poverty levels are high and where a large part of the economy depends on various ecosystem services
that are being degraded severely enough to threaten humans and other species can be described as ____.
a.
indicator ecosystems
b.
life raft ecosystems
c.
deficit ecosystems
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
d.
niche habitats
e.
capital-limited habitats
58. What action involves returning a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as similar as possible to its natural state
in cases where this is feasible?
a.
rehabilitation
b.
reintroduction
c.
replacement
d.
artificial construction
e.
restoration
59. Biocultural restoration refers to ____.
a.
restoration of the cultural aspect of cities damaged by natural disasters
b.
embedding cultural awareness as part of biology courses
c.
projects that have biological themes for school art projects
d.
projects that involve local people in restoration of degraded areas
e.
explaining environmental awareness using the traditional stories of a culture
60. ____ involves turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore it to its
original condition.
a.
Replacement
b.
Restoration
c.
Reintroduction
d.
Rehabilitation
e.
Artificial construction
61. ____ involves replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of ecosystem.
a.
Rehabilitation
b.
Replacement
c.
Artificial construction
d.
Restoration
e.
Reintroduction
62. A certain lake in the arid west contains an endangered species of fish. The legal status of this fish required water
diversions out of the river feeding the lake to be decreased substantially. About 10 years following this decree, the
declining cottonwood forest and canopy along the riverbanks was noted to be recovering. This situation illustrates the
potential effectiveness of ____.
a.
the species approach to sustaining biodiversity
b.
the ecosystem approach to sustaining biodiversity
c.
cottonwood trees as part of all stream recovery programs
d.
water as a solution to species decline
e.
fish as indicator species
63. Focusing on establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live,
work, or play to increase our beneficial environmental impact – by learning how to share some of the spaces we dominate
with other species – is called____.
a.
biocultural replacement
b.
urban sprawl
c.
reintroduction
d.
reconciliation ecology
e.
the ecosystem approach
64. It can be said that coastal habitats are actually ____.
a.
increasing in area
b.
disappearing at rates 2 to 10 times faster than tropical forests
c.
maintaining a solid level of biodiversity
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
d.
disappearing as fast as tropical forests
e.
declining in many areas but rebounding in others
65. The area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of fish for an average person, nation, or the world is called a(n)
____.
a.
footprint
b.
ecological footprint
c.
biodiversity print
d.
fishprint
e.
foodprint
66. One problem that threatens aquatic biodiversity is the deliberate or accidental introduction of ____ into coastal waters,
wetlands, and lakes throughout the world.
a.
new sources of food for aquatic organisms
b.
hundreds of harmful invasive species
c.
excess oxygen
d.
skewed sex ratios
e.
groundwater
67. Since we began burning fossil fuels in large quantities during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries,
there has been a ____ in the average acidity of surface ocean water.
a.
170% rise
b.
30% drop
c.
3% rise
d.
30% rise
e.
300% rise
68. What activity involves dragging huge nets weighted down with chains and steel plates over the ocean floor to harvest
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
a few species of bottom fish and shellfish?
a.
deep sea aquaculture
b.
long-line fishing
c.
drift-net fishing
d.
purse-seine fishing
e.
trawler fishing
69. One reason protecting marine biodiversity is difficult is that ____.
a.
much of the damage to the oceans and other bodies of water is not visible to most people
b.
most species in marine ecosystems are keystone species
c.
marine ecosystems are much more affected by urban sprawl
d.
marine ecosystems cannot be restored
e.
most of the world’s ocean area lies within the legal jurisdiction of one country or another
70. A forested slope is set to be logged. Which method will minimize erosion and protect the stream at the base of the
slope from being polluted by excess sediment?
a.
strip cutting
b.
clear-cutting
c.
surface cutting
d.
second-growth cutting
e.
crown cutting
Completion
71. ____________________ contributes to the greenhouse effect by destroying plants that store carbon dioxide.
72. Uncut forests or regenerated forests that have not been significantly impacted by humans or natural disasters for
several hundred years or more are known as ____________________ forests.
Chapter 09 - Sustaining Biodiversity - The Ecosystem Approach
73. A(n) ____________________ ____________________is a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological
succession.
74. ____________________ are unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply vegetation for grazing
and browsing animals.
75. Managed grasslands or fenced meadows often planted with domesticated grasses or other forage crops such as alfalfa
and clover are called ____________________.
76. ____________________ is the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture,
settlements, or other uses.
77. Areas especially rich in highly endangered species that are found nowhere else can be described as
____________________.
78. The process of repairing damage caused by humans to various ecosystems is called ____________________.
79. A(n) ____________________ is a concentration of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial
harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water.
80. The burning and clearing of tropical forests adds carbon dioxide, a(n) ____________________ gas, to the atmosphere.
81. The downside of ____________________ ____________________is that, with only one or two tree species, they are
much less biologically diverse and less sustainable than old-growth and second-growth forests.
82. ____________________ is the most efficient and sometimes least-costly way to cut trees and it provides benefits for
land-owners and timber companies, but it can also harm an ecosystem by causing increased erosion, sediment pollution of
nearby waterways, and losses in biodiversity.
83. ____________________ burns are carefully planned and controlled intentional burns to remove flammable small trees
and underbrush in forest areas.
84. ____________________ operate illegally in many parks in less-developed countries, killing animals to obtain and sell
items such as rhino horns, elephant tusks, and furs.
85. Through photosynthesis, forests remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in organic compounds, playing a role in
the global ____________________ cycle.
86. ____________________ occurs when too many animals graze for too long, damaging the grasses and their roots, and
exceeding the carrying capacity of a rangeland area.
87. When ____________________ from the atmosphere is absorbed by ocean water, it combines with water to form
carbonic acid.
88. While they only cover about 6% of the earth’s land area, ____________________ contain at least half of the world’s
known species of terrestrial plants, animals, and insects.
89. Brazil’s vast ____________________ Basin contains more than 40% of the world’s remaining tropical forests.
90. In 1995 and 1996, federal wildlife officials reintroduced ____________________ to Yellowstone National Park.
91. What negative consequence has the Smokey Bear educational campaign in the United States had on the way the public
thinks about forest fires?
92. Explain both the positive and negative aspects of the Smokey the Bear educational campaign.
93. List three ecosystem services or economic services provided by forests.
94. List three ways that wood consumed in the United States is wasted.
95. List two strategies for reducing fire-related harm to forests and to people who use or live in the forests.
96. Describe one possible action that could help restore fish populations harmed by overfishing.
97. Describe the buffer zone concept for designing and managing nature reserves.
Essay
98. Describe some of the effects of building roads into previously inaccessible forests.
99. You are the forest manager in a large tract of forest surrounding a lake resort town of 15,000 residents in the
Adirondacks. Each year, over 200,000 vacationers visit and stay in this town for short periods of time. The forest around
this resort and lake has become infested with a bark beetle that has caused the death of about 20–35% of the trees. Dead
trees can be seen on the hills above the resort.
The residents of this town are concerned about destructive crown fires that may threaten their lives or property. They have
petitioned you as the forest manager to have the dead trees removed. They prefer to have this done by the quickest means
possible.
What information can you provide to the residents about sustainable forestry? How can tree removal be accomplished in a
manner that is in line with sustainable forestry?
100. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of tree plantations.
