Chapter 09 – Cardiac Physiology
1. Approximately how many times does the human heart beat over an average lifetime?
a.
30 billion
b.
3 billion
c.
300 million
d.
30 million
e.
3 million
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16.9.1 – Summarize the anatomy of the heart
2. What are the three main components of the circulatory system?
a.
heart, arteries, and veins
b.
heart, blood, and lymph
c.
heart, blood vessels, and blood
d.
heart, blood vessels, and lungs
e.
smooth muscle, blood, and blood vessels
3. What circulatory system loops between the heart and lungs?
a.
pulmonary
b.
systemic
c.
arterial
d.
venous
a
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
4. What kind of a pump is the heart?
a.
ventricular pump
b.
bicuspid pump
c.
quadruple pump
d.
double (dual) pump
e.
single pump
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.1.3 – Describe how the heart functions as two separate pumps
5. How many chambers does the heart have?
Chapter 09 – Cardiac Physiology
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.1.3 – Describe how the heart functions as two separate pumps
6. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery?
a.
right atrium
b.
left atrium
c.
right ventricle
d.
left ventricle
e.
pulmonary chamber
c
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.1.3 – Describe how the heart functions as two separate pumps
7. Which heart valve is bicuspid and also called the mitral valve?
a.
left AV valve
b.
right AV valve
c.
right ventricular valve
d.
pulmonary valve
e.
aortic valve
a
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.1.4 – Describe the roles of the four heart valves
8. Which layer of the heart is the innermost layer?
a.
endothelium
b.
endocardium
c.
epicardium
d.
epithelium
e.
myocardium
a
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.1.5 – Describe the three distinct layers in the heart wall
9. What percentage of cardiac muscle cells are contractile?
Chapter 09 – Cardiac Physiology
a.
33%
b.
50%
c.
75%
d.
85%
e.
99%
e
9.2 Electrical Activity of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.2.1 – Describe the two specialized types of cardiac muscle cells
10. What element is involved in the most important ion outward movement that gives rise to the pacemaker potential?
a.
sodium
b.
potassium
c.
calcium
d.
phosphorus
e.
iron
9.2 Electrical Activity of the Heart
11. Where are the heart cells with the fastest rate of action potential initiation localized?
a.
apex of the heart
b.
Purkinje fibers
c.
Bundle of His
d.
AV node
e.
SA node
e
9.2 Electrical Activity of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.2.4 – Discuss the action potential in cardiac contractile cells
12. What is the range of action potentials per minute for the cells in the AV node?
a.
20 – 40
b.
40 – 60
c.
70 – 80
d.
80 – 100
e.
100 – 120
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.2.4 – Discuss the action potential in cardiac contractile cells
13. Where is the AV node located within the heart?
Chapter 09 – Cardiac Physiology
a.
right ventricle
b.
left ventricle
c.
right atrium
d.
left atrium
e.
the apex
c
9.2 Electrical Activity of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.2 – Describe the electrical activity that takes place in the heart
14. In cardiac contractile cells, the L-type Ca2+ channels lie mostly in the:
a.
sarcolemma
b.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
c.
transverse (T) tubules
d.
outer membrane
e.
pericardial sac
c
9.2 Electrical Activity of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.2 – Describe the electrical activity that takes place in the heart
15. An electrocardiogram is usually abbreviated as ECG, but sometimes also as:
a.
EC
b.
EG
c.
ECM
d.
EKG
e.
ELC
9.2 Electrical Activity of the Heart
16. What are the three distinct waveforms called that are found in a normal ECG?
a.
A wave, B wave, C wave
b.
Q wave, R wave, S wave
c.
Q wave, R complex, S wave
d.
P wave, RST complex, Q wave
e.
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
e
activity of the heart
17. The cardiac cycle consists of alternate periods of emptying and filling, also called:
a.
systole and diastole
b.
systemic and diastolic
c.
resting and contracting
d.
AV firing and SA firing
e.
charging and discharging
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.3 – Describe the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
18. In a normal heart, what is the average amount of blood that’s left in the ventricle at the end of systole when ejection is
complete?
a.
155 mL
b.
125 mL
c.
95 mL
d.
65 mL
e.
45 mL
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
19. What is the upper range of ventricular contractions in the human heart due to the relatively long refractory period of
the AV node?
a.
125 beats per minute
b.
150 beats per minute
c.
165 beats per minute
d.
185 beats per minute
e.
200 beats per minute
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
20. What is the second heart sound associated with?
a.
opening of the semilunar valves
b.
closure of the semilunar valves
c.
opening of the AV valves
d.
closing of the AV valves
e.
firing of the SA node
21. What does the first heart sound signal the onset of?
a.
atrial systole
b.
atrial diastole
c.
ventricular systole
d.
ventricular diastole
e.
firing of the SA node
c
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
closures
22. In what fashion does healthy blood flow?
a.
pulsed
b.
laminar
c.
coagulative
d.
condensed
e.
regenerative
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.3.3 – List three causes of turbulent blood flow
23. What is the most common cause of blood flow turbulence?
a.
weak ventricular contractions
b.
weak atrial contractions
c.
malfunction of the SA node
d.
valve malfunctions
e.
destruction of the AV node
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.3.3 – List three causes of turbulent blood flow
24. What is a murmur called when it occurs between the first and the second heart sounds?
a.
SA murmur
b.
atrial murmur
c.
ventricular murmur
d.
diastolic murmur
e.
systolic murmur
e
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
25. What is cardiac output?
a.
volume of blood pumped by both atria per minute
b.
volume of blood pumped by each atrium per minute
c.
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
d.
volume of blood pumped by both ventricles per minute
e.
total amount of blood pumped by the heart
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
26. What are the two determinants of cardiac output?
a.
size of the ventricles and stroke volume
b.
size of the heart and blood pressure
c.
blood pressure and heart size
d.
heart rate and ventricular volume
e.
heart rate and stroke volume
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
27. What is the parasympathetic nerve supply to the SA and AV nodes?
a.
vagus nerve
b.
trigeminal nerve
c.
accessory nerve
d.
cardiac nerve
e.
long thoracic nerve
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
28. What is the parasympathetic nervous system’s influence on the SA node?
a.
decrease blood volume
b.
increase stroke volume
c.
increase blood pressure
d.
increase heart rate
9.3 Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.3.3 – List three causes of turbulent blood flow
Chapter 09 – Cardiac Physiology
e.
decrease heart rate
e
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
29. Sympathetic stimulation of the AV node reduces the AV nodal delay by increasing conduction velocity as a result of
enhancing the inward current of what element?
a.
potassium
b.
phosphorus
c.
sodium
d.
calcium
e.
iron
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
30. Stroke volume is determined by:
a.
the extent of venous return and by parasympathetic activity
b.
the extent of venous return and by sympathetic activity
c.
the extent of arterial return and by parasympathetic activity
d.
the extent of arterial return and by sympathetic activity
e.
blood pressure and ventricular size
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
stroke volume
31. What is the main determinant of cardiac muscle fiber length?
a.
heart rate
b.
systolic blood pressure
c.
diastolic blood pressure
d.
the degree of systolic filling
e.
the degree of diastolic filling
e
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
32. What else is diastolic heart failure referred to as?
Chapter 09 – Cardiac Physiology
a.
heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
b.
heart failure with reduced filling fraction
c.
congestive heart failure
d.
forward failure
e.
backward failure
a
9.4 Cardiac Output and Its Control
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.4.5 – Discuss how a decrease in cardiac contractility affects heart failure
33. How does the heart muscle extract O2 or nutrients from the blood?
a.
via the coronary circulation
b.
absorption through the ventricles
c.
absorption through the atria
d.
via the vena cava
e.
via the pulmonary artery
a
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
34. How much of the coronary arterial flow occurs during diastole?
a.
50%
b.
60%
c.
70%
d.
80%
e.
90%
c
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
35. What does the heart use as its primary fuel source?
a.
glucose
b.
fatty acids
c.
lactate
d.
amino acids
e.
calcium
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
36. What heart tissue releases platelet-activating factor when too little O2 is available in the coronary vessels?
a.
pericardium
b.
endothelium
c.
myocardium
d.
epicardium
e.
Purkinje fibers
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
37. The initial stage of atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation beneath the endothelium of excessive amounts of:
a.
plasma protein
b.
red blood cells
c.
HDL
d.
LDL
e.
VLDL
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.5.3 – Outline the nine events of the development of atherosclerosis
38. What is the beginning of an atherosclerotic plaque called?
a.
fatty streak
b.
endothelial plaque
c.
myocardial plaque
d.
inflammatory plate
e.
fibroma
a
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.5.3 – Outline the nine events of the development of atherosclerosis
39. Myocardial ischemia leads to pain known as:
a.
migraine
b.
pulmonary embolism
c.
thrombus
d.
angina pectoris
e.
neuropathy
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.5.4 – Discuss three potential complications of coronary atherosclerosis
40. As a thrombus breaks apart, what freely floating clot can cause serious problems downstream?
a.
fatty streak
b.
cholesterol disc
c.
embolus
d.
protein plug
e.
LDL
c
9.5 Nourishing the Heart Muscle
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.5.4 – Discuss three potential complications of coronary atherosclerosis
41. The heart is essentially in the middle of the chest, has a broad base at the top and tapers to a pointed tip, the apex, at
the bottom.
a.
True
b.
False
True
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.1 – Summarize the anatomy of the heart
42. The systemic circulation is a circuit of vessels carrying blood between the heart and all body systems.
a.
True
b.
False
True
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
43. Bicuspid or mitral valves exist between the ventricles and major arteries.
a.
True
b.
False
False
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
HUPH.SHER.16. 9.1.4 – Describe the roles of the four heart valves
44. The middle layer of the heart is called the myocardium and is composed of cardiac muscle and constitutes the bulk of
the heart wall.
a.
True
b.
False
True
9.1 Anatomy of the Heart
45. The heart is enclosed in a single-walled, membranous pericardial sac.
a.
True
b.
False
False
46. The atrioventricular node is the normal pacemaker of the heart.
a.
True
b.
False
False
47. Atrial excitation and contraction should be complete before the onset of ventricular contraction.
a.
True
b.
False
True
48. The QRS complex represents atrial depolarization.
a.
True
b.
False
False
49. Atrial fibrillation is characterized by slow, irregular, uncoordinated depolarizations of the atria with no definite T
waves.
a.
True
b.
False
False