1. Which of the following are major procedures used by the police to help eyewitnesses identify suspects?
a. A confrontation, a photo identification, a lineup, and/or a show-up.
b. A photo identification, a lineup, and/or a show-up.
c. A confrontation, a lineup, and/or a show-up.
d. A photo identification and/or a confrontation.
2. Experts theorize that the greatest threat to an innocent person being convicted is:
a. prosecutorial misconduct.
b. police misconduct.
c. mistaken identification of strangers.
d. judicial misconduct.
3. Best guesses indicate that eyewitness misidentifications account for ______ percent of wrongful convictions of
persons eventually exonerated by DNA.
a. 10
b. 25
c. 75
d. 90
4. Perry v. New Hampshire (2012) ruled that:
a. the due process clause does not require a hearing into the reliability of eyewitness identification procedures
that were not arranged by the police.
b. accidentalshowupsconstitute“fruitofthepoisonoustree”andcannotbeusedattrial.
c. accidental show-ups are preferably to organized line-ups.
d. accidental show-ups are a highly successful tool of law enforcement.
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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5. There is considerable evidence that people are poor at identifying:
a. members of another race.
b. members of their own race.
c. people with the same hair color as they have.
d. people with physical characteristics that are very different than their own.
6. Psychologists separate memory into three phases. Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases?
a. Acquisition
b. Retention
c. Retrieval
d. Utterance
7. ______________ is when eyewitnesses are shown persons or objects and asked whether they are involved in
the crime.
a. Recall
b. Recognition
c. Suggestion
d. Retention
8. Over time memory:
a. fades and witnesses recognize this problem.
b. fades, but witnesses develop greater confidence about their recall ability.
c. improves, but witnesses do not have confidence in this fact.
d. improves and witnesses recognize this fact.
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9. According to research conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, witnesses often added to their stories of crimes:
a. based on the suggestions made to them about what happened.
b. if they were pressed by officials for more detail.
c. when they felt as if officials did not believe their original story.
d. when they felt as if their memory was fading.
10. ______________referstotheperceptionofaneventwheninformationisfirstenteredintoaperson’smemory.
a. Recall
b. Acquisition
c. Suggestion
d. Retention
11. The participants in most police lineups consist mainly of:
a. police officers and inmates from the local jail.
b. volunteers from the community.
c. civilians who work for the police department.
d. correctional officers.
12. WhichofthefollowingisNOTofoneWisconsin’srecommendationsforimprovingpolicelineups?
a. Present the suspect and the fillers simultaneously.
b. Instruct eyewitnesses that the real criminal may or may not be present in the lineup.
c. Use a “double blind” procedure.
d. Use fillers that will minimize any suggestiveness that might indicate the suspect.
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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13. Research shows that jurors:
a. tendtooverestimatetheaccuracyofawitness’slineupidentification.
b. tend to question the accuracy of eye witness identification.
c. understand the problems involved in administering identification procedures.
d. are aware of the research about eyewitness identification.
14. Suggestive lineups:
a. lead to automatic exclusion of the identification made at them.
b. are always questioned by the trial judge.
c. always give rise to a substantial likelihood of misidentification.
d. do not lead to automatic exclusion of the identification made at them.
15. Researchers recommend that officials:
a. present members in a lineup to the witness at the same time, standing together.
b. have the officer who arrested the suspect conduct the lineup.
c. present members of the lineup to the witness one at a time.
d. inform the witness that the suspect is one of the individuals they will be asked to identify in the lineup.
16. _________ lineups reduce the power of suggestion and reduce the possibility that the witness will pick the person
who most resembles the perpetrator:
a. Sequential
b. Simultaneous
c. Blind
d. Photo
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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17. When a witness selects the person in the lineup who looks most like the culprit, believing the offender has to be in
the lineup, this is referred to as a ___________ judgment.
a. conclusive
b. suggestible
c. relative
d. subjective
18. Identification of a single suspect by a witness is called a(n):
a. lineup.
b. photo array.
c. show-up.
d. in-court identification.
19. Which of the following is NOT one of the three variables included by psychologists in the Manson reliability test
of eyewitness identification?
a. The eyewitness’s opportunity to view the criminal.
b. The amount of attention the witness paid to the criminal.
c. The witness’s confidence in the accuracy of their identification.
d. Expert testimony concerning the reliability of eyewitness identification.
20. In State v. Long (1986), the court ruled that trial courts had to give jurors ___________________ instruction
explaining the weaknesses of eyewitness identification evidence.
a. cautionary
b. identification
c. objective
d. evidentiary
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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21. In order to exclude identification evidence on due process grounds, defendants must prove the identification
procedure was unnecessarily suggestive and created a substantial likelihood of misidentification:
a. beyond a reasonable doubt.
b. by a preponderance of the evidence.
c. by clear and convincing proof.
d. beyond a reasonable suspicion.
22. Psychological research shows that when the person administering an identification procedure somehow confirms
thewitness’spick,thecomments:
a. havenoimpactonthewitness’sconfidenceintheiridentification.
b. causewitness’stoquestionwhethertheadministratoristryingtoinfluencetheiridentification.
c. causewitness’stohavegreaterconfidenceintheaccuracyoftheiridentification.
d. causewitness’stodoubttheiridentification.
23. Many legal commentators suggest that one way to reform identification procedures would be to:
a. loosen the standards for admitting expert testimony on human perception and memory and the problems
related to eyewitness identification.
b. require all eyewitnesses to undergo psychological testing concerning their recall and retention abilities.
c. require police to corroborate all eyewitness identifications for all types of cases.
d. totally ban the use of photo identification procedures.
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24. In U.S. v. Wade(1967),itwasfoundthatthelawenforcementhadviolatedthedefendant’sSixthAmendment
rights for what reason?
a. DNA samples were taken without consent from his attorney.
b. He was placed in a lineup after being indicted without counsel present.
c. There was insufficient clarity in a photograph used to identify him in a photo array.
d. Eyewitnesses were encouraged by police officers to select him from a line-up.
25. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for lineups by legislatures and law enforcement agencies, based on
psychological research?
a. Include police officers in the line-up.
b. Assess eyewitness confidence immediately after identification.
c. Present the suspect and the fillers sequentially rather than simultaneously.
d. Use a double blind procedure.
26. What did the court decide with regards to show-ups where the police typically bring one person by for the victim
or witness to identify?
a. Since the process is highly suggestive and widely condemned, it violates due process and therefore cannot
be used.
b. The police can no longer use show-ups unless they have at least two or more suspects.
c. The police can only use a show-up if the suspect consents.
d. This process is highly suggestive and widely condemned, but it does not deny due process and is therefore
permitted.
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27. According to the Supreme Court, show-ups are:
a. so suggestive that they are always unconstitutional.
b. permissible if they do not result in a very substantial likelihood of misidentification.
c. unconstitutional if the police could have reasonably been able to set up a lineup instead.
d. are permissible only if defense counsel is present when they are conducted.
28. According to the Supreme Court opinion in Manson v. Braithwaite (1977), involving identifying a man from a
single photograph whom the identifier had seen only once in poor light for several minutes:
a. such evidence must always be excluded if it is suggestive.
b. reliability is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony.
c. photographic identification procedures are per se unconstitutional.
d. no identification based on a single photograph is ever reliable.
29. WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthefivefactorsinthe“totalityofcircumstances”thatshouldweighheavilyin
determining whether the lineup or show-up procedure created a likelihood of misidentification?
a. Witness level of certainty when identifying the suspects during the ID procedure.
b. Witness degree of attention at the time of the crime.
c. Witness age at the time of the crime.
d. Witness opportunity to observe.
30. In Manson v. Braithwaite (1977), for determining the admissibility of witness identification, the majority of the
Supreme Court endorsed what became known as the:
a. per se approach.
b. blind administration test.
c. the totality of the circumstances approach.
d. the better use approach.
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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31. It is agreed among scientists that DNA technology can:
a. distinguish between any two individuals, other than identical twins.
b. distinguish between general types of individuals.
c. distinguish within 35-40% accuracy between two individuals.
d. accurately identify the blood types of individuals.
32. One of the most important criminal law issues today is whether the Constitution establishes:
a. that DNA testing is required in all criminal cases.
b. that DNA testing is required in all cases involving stranger on stranger crimes.
c. a post conviction right to access previously produced forensic evidence so it can be DNA tested in order to
establish innocence.
d. a post conviction right to retest evidence that was DNA tested during the criminal trial.
33. The Supreme Court in DistrictAttorney’sOfficefortheThirdJudicialDistrictv.Osborne (2009) involved
prisonerOsborne’spostconvictionrequesttocompelofficialstoreleasebiologicalevidencesoitcouldbe
submitted to DNA testing. What was the finding of the Court?
a. Osborne has a right under the U.S. Constitution of access to forensic evidence
b. Osborne’srightsunderAlaskalawwereviolated
c. there is no right under the U.S. Constitution of access to forensic evidence
d. DNA testing is too expensive to make it a constitutional right
34. Which of the following is NOT a reason for flawed forensic tests?
a. Monopoly
b. Lack of financial resources
c. Poor quality control
d. Information sharing
35. Failure to recall a detail about a crime or recognize the perpetrator is considered:
a. an error of commission.
b. faulty acquisition.
c. an error of omission.
d. retention failure.
36. Identifying perpetrators is easier than proving that a crime was committed.
a. True
b. False
37. Eyewitness identification of strangers is low in reliability, even in the most ideal settings.
a. True
b. False
38. Research indicates that 50% of defendants exonerated by DNA are cases involving mistaken eyewitness
identification.
a. True
b. False
39. Research indicates that most eye witnesses to crimes are very good at acquiring accurate information while the
crime is being committed.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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40. Research suggests that jurors consistently believe mistaken identification evidence when faced with witnesses who
are confident about their eyewitness identifications.
a. True
b. False
41. If a witness is attempting to identify a person of another race, the chances of misidentification are increased.
a. True
b. False
42. The Supreme Court has ruled that there is a constitutional right of access to forensic evidence.
a. True
b. False
43. The reliability of lineups depends in part on making sure there are enough people in them and that the people in the
lineups share similar characteristics.
a. True
b. False
44. According to the Supreme Court, identification evidence is automatically inadmissible if the identification
procedure was unnecessarily suggestive.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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45. Show-ups are less reliable than lineups.
a. True
b. False
46. The alleged suggestiveness and unreliability of a show-up is evaluated by a different test than the one for the
suggestiveness and unreliability of a lineup.
a. True
b. False
47. In experimental research to study eyewitness identification, researchers stage crimes and question the unsuspecting
witnesses about what they saw.
a. True
b. False
48. With the totality of circumstances approach, under certain circumstances, a court can admit identification evidence
even if the identification procedure was suggestive.
a. True
b. False
49. There is consensus today that it is possible to use DNA testing to determine whether a biological tissue matches a
suspect with near certainty.
a. True
b. False
50. One of the reforms suggested to improve eyewitness identification is to present the suspect and the fillers in a
lineup simultaneously.
a. True
b. False
51. A procedure used for the identification of suspects in a crime whereby a suspect is presented by himself alone to a
witness for possible identification is known as a/an ______________.
52. ______________ is when the brain stores information between the time of the crime and the lineup, show-up, or
photo identification.
53. The test used to determine whether an identification was reliable, even if unnecessarily suggestive, is the
__________ of ____________ test.
54. According to eyewitness expert Elizabeth Loftus, _________ shapes what a witness will remember and recall
during the identification process.
55. A person running an identification procedure who does not know the suspects is called a/n ____________
_____________________.
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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56. The identification procedure where a witness is shown multiple photographs is called a(n) _____________
____________.
57. The constitutional provision governing most identification procedures is the __________ _____________
____________.
58. __________ research about eyewitness identifications involves analyzing previously used identification
procedures in actual criminal cases.
59. Awitness’sidentificationissusceptibleto___________,apowerfulcontributortomistakenidentityduring
memory retrieval.
60. Identification evidence, with all of its problems, is the most widely used, often the only, evidence available to
identify and prove the guilt of _____________.
Chapter 09: IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
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61. Discuss the importance of pre-lineup instructions in identification procedures for lineups.
62. Discuss show-up identification procedures and problems related to them.
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63. Identify the two steps in the totality of circumstances due process test of admissibility of eyewitness identification
created by the U.S. Supreme Court. Identify and describe the five circumstances in the totality of circumstances
due process test you identified.
64. Discuss what psychologists know about the confidence an eyewitness has in his or her identification and how that
confidence will impact a case.
65. Examine the reforms that legal experts suggest courts can implement to improve eyewitness identification
reliability.