107) In attribution theory, the behavior of an individual who shows low distinctiveness and low
consensus is likely to be attributed as ________.
A) internally caused
B) externally caused
C) beyond his or her control
D) not his or her fault
108) In attribution theory, the behavior of an individual who shows high distinctiveness and low
consistency is likely to be attributed as ________.
A) under his or her control
B) his or her responsibility
C) internally caused
D) externally caused
109) If a person who is always late for work is late once again and blames it on a traffic jam,
coworkers would probably attribute that person’s lateness to ________.
A) traffic
B) an external source
C) an internal source
D) his or her car
110) Which pairing is correct?
A) high distinctiveness : internal cause of behavior
B) low distinctiveness : external cause of behavior
C) high consensus : external cause of behavior
D) low consistency : internal cause of behavior
111) Which pairing is NOT correct?
A) low consistency : external cause of behavior
B) low distinctiveness : external cause of behavior
C) high consensus : external cause of behavior
D) low consensus : internal cause of behavior
112) The fundamental attribution error causes people to tend to attribute ________.
A) successes and failures of others to internal factors
B) failures of others to external factors
C) their own successes to external factors
D) their own failures to internal factors
113) The self-serving bias causes people to tend to attribute ________.
A) successes of others to external factors
B) failures of others to external factors
C) their own successes to internal factors
D) their own failures to internal factors
114) When people judge someone on the basis of the perception of a group they are a part of,
they are using the shortcut called ________.
A) stereotyping
B) selectivity
C) assumed similarity
D) the halo effect
115) By using ________, we form an impression about a person based on a single characteristic,
such as intelligence or appearance.
A) stereotyping
B) selectivity
C) the halo effect
D) assumed similarity
116) A fundamental idea of perception is that all people interpret and see reality in different
ways.
117) Distortion of perception can only come from the person who is perceiving.
118) Attribution theory is primarily concerned with identifying one’s own behavior.
119) Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays a behavior in many situations or
whether it’s particular to one situation.
120) The fundamental attribution error states that individuals tend to overestimate the influence
of external factors in others.
121) Individuals tend to attribute their own successes to external factors.
122) In stereotyping, observers use group characteristics to judge individuals.
123) Perceptual shortcuts can sometimes be accurate and valuable.
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124) Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience is known
as ________.
A) reflex
B) learning
C) instinctual behavior
D) intrinsic behavior
125) Operant conditioning is any behavior that occurs as a result of ________.
A) coincidence
B) an innate behavior program
C) reinforcement from reward or punishment
D) reinforcement from reward only
126) Social learning theory involves learning through ________.
A) instinct
B) systematic study of books and manuals
C) logical inference
D) observing models
127) The amount of influence a model has begins with the ________ process of becoming aware
of the model.
A) attentional
B) retentional
C) motor reproduction
D) reinforcement
128) When a young basketball player copies the free throw style of an NBA player, he or she is
using his or her ________.
A) retention processes
B) motor reproduction processes
C) attentional processes
D) reinforcement processes
129) Which of the following is NOT thought to be a tool that managers can use to shape
behavior?
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) attentional processes
130) When a manager gives an employee a bonus for a job well done, which behavior-shaping
method is the manager using?
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
131) When a football coach makes the team run laps because it can’t get a play right, he is using
which behavior-shaping method?
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
132) When a football coach cancels a grueling “meat-grinder drill” because the team is
performing well, he is using which behavior-shaping method?
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
133) In an attempt to get employees to stop congregating, a manager decides to remove free
bagels from the company snack bar. Which behavior-shaping method is she using?
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
134) Operant behavior deals only with learned behavior.
135) In operant conditioning, if behavior is positively reinforced, it is less likely to repeat.
136) Operant conditioning as studied by Skinner has very little applicability to learned behavior
in the workplace.
137) Operant conditioning attempts to explain the influence that parents and teachers have on
individuals.
138) Social learning theory maintains that reinforcement plays no part in this learning process.
139) When a manager praises an employee for a job well done, she is providing positive
reinforcement.
140) Negative reinforcement penalizes an individual for an undesired behavior.
141) Negative reinforcement is the withdrawal of something unpleasant.
142) In a short essay, list and discuss three shortcuts frequently used in judging others.
143) In a short essay, define learning and then explain operant conditioning.
144) In a short essay, describe social learning.
145) In a short essay, explain how managers can shape behavior using positive and negative
reinforcement.
146) In a short essay, explain how managers can shape behavior using punishment and
extinction.
147) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Gen Y workers?
A) high expectations
B) little interaction with colleagues
C) goal oriented
D) seek out creative challenges
148) Which of the following is a common way in which Gen Y workers differ from workers in
other generations?
A) office attire
B) ability to work hard
C) ability to focus
D) showing respect
149) Which of the following is on the rise in today’s organizations?
A) respectful behavior
B) use of good manners
C) hostility and aggression
D) amicable relations
150) Gen Y individuals are those people who were born after 1997.
151) Gen Y individuals tend to be comfortable with new types of electronic technology.