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Chapter 9
The Global Expansion of Homo sapiens
and Their Technology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
W 1. European remains of the Upper Paleolithic after about 36,000 years ago are usually
classified as _______________.
a. Neandertal
b. Upper Paleolithic peoples
c. Cro-Magnon
d. anatomically modern H. sapiens
e. all of the above except a
2. The typical Upper Paleolithic tool was the long thin _______________ and an explosion
of creative symbolic forms suggestive of capabilities of modern H. sapiens.
a. blade
b. baton
c. hammerstone
d. chopper
e. Levalloisian tortoise shell
W 3. The tool-making tradition found among all Upper Paleolithic peoples is called the
_______________ tradition.
a. Mousterian
b. Oldowan
c. Acheulean
d. Venusian
e. none of the above
W 4. Using the blade technique, which is similar to peeling long leaves off an artichoke,
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Upper Paleolithic humans could get _______________ feet of working edge from a
two-pound core.
a. 3
b. 6
c. 75
d. 120
e. 250
5. One method of tool manufacture during the Upper Paleolithic was pressure flaking which
produced Solutrean laurel leaf blades found in Spain and France that _______________.
a. were made with burins
b. were used to carve bone, horn, antler, and ivory
c. were used for the tips of arrows
d. were made from the pressure-flaking technique
e. gave rise to a more robust body
6. Upper Paleolithic peoples had burins, spear-throwers, bows and arrows, and improved
methods of making sharp-edged stone tools that enabled them to live in a wide variety of
environments and kill thousands of animals. What advantages did the tools offer to
hunters?
a. They could get close to animals they hunted to make the kill.
b. They were able to use the weapons effectively against dangerous prey.
c. they could throw spears at animals from a safe distance while still maintaining speed
and accuracy.
d. both b and c
e. none of the above
7. An appreciation of art (as expressed through engravings, paintings, and body decoration)
was clearly present in _______________.
a. australopithecines
b. H. erectus
c. Neandertal
d. Upper Paleolithic peoples
e. H. habilis
8. Flutes and whistles made of bone have been found as early as 30,000 years ago, but it is
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reasonable to suggest that bows and arrows that were Upper Paleolithic inventions could
have _______________.
a. been used only for hunting.
b. been used to make farming implements.
c. probably served as the oldest stringed instrument.
d. fostered entopic phenomena.
e. been used by female hunters
9. Though the earliest of rock art appeared in the form of sculpture and engravings,
figurative art portrayed in the Upper Paleolithic paintings _______________.
a. include a lot of humans, obviously hunting.
b. are of common, everyday experiences showing the home life of Upper Paleolithic
peoples.
c. include abstract designs rendered two-dimensionally.
d. are in accessible parts of caves, almost as if they served as murals in a living room
where Upper Paleolithic peoples lived.
e. were painted in total darkness, probably by telepathic artists.
W 10. The first to people the Americas were _______________.
a. anatomically modern man
b. Neandertal
c. H. erectus
d. H. habilis
e. Aegyptopithecus
W 11. The presence of sea shells and Baltic amber at sites hundreds of kilometers from the
sources of these materials indicate that _______________.
a. Neandertals were enslaved by Cro-Magnon populations
b. Upper Paleolithic peoples engaged in long-distance trade
c. Upper Paleolithic peoples possessed the wheel
d. use of fossil fuels was common by 35,000 years ago
e. the deserts were becoming covered with glaciers
W 12. The Sahul is a landmass into which Upper Paleolithic peoples moved that includes what
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we now call _______________.
a. Siberia
b. Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania
c. the Americas
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
W 13. Paleoindian hunters in North America _______________.
a. had distinctive fluted spear points
b. hunted large Pleistocene mammals and may have helped to drive them to extinction
c. lived about 12,000 years ago in Europe
d. possessed technology that was inefficient and in appropriate for the environment at
the time
e. a and b only
W 14. In all populations of anatomically modern H. sapiens of 40,000 years ago, survival
depended more and more on _______________.
a. biological adaptations
b. their ability to destroy Neandertal populations
c. cultural adaptations
d. the development of the capacity to digest meat
e. development of cave art
W 15. The spear-thrower that allowed Upper Paleolithic individuals to throw spears at animals
from a safe distance with speed and accuracy is also known as a(n) _______________.
a. flint
b. bongo
c. atlatl
d. blade
e. burin
W 16. Modern Europeans resemble Cro-Magnon it which of the following physical
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characteristics?
a. similar shape of the braincase
b. similar prominent brow ridges
c. both had high broad foreheads
d. both had the “occipital bun”
e. only a and c
17. Modern faces and jaws are less massive than those of earlier peoples, however there are
exceptions. For example, anthropologists _______________ and _______________ have
pointed out that any definition of “modernity” that excludes Neandertals also
excludes substantial numbers of recent and native Australians, in
spite of the fact that they are obviously modern
people.
a. Wolpoff and Caspari
b. Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey
c. Richard Leakey and Mave Leakey
d. Sheilagh Brooks and Richard Brooks
e. J. Relethford and H. Harpending
18. With more emphasis on elongate tools with greater mechanical advantages, more
effective techniques of hafting, a switch from thrusting to throwing spears, and the
development of _______________ with loud noises, large amounts of meat could be
amassed without requiring great speed or strength on the part of hunters.
a. fishing techniques
b. net hunting
c. cooperative gathering methods
d. herding animals
e. farming
19. In Europe, Upper Paleolithic cave art dates to _______________ years ago.
a. 10,000
b. 300,000
c. 50,000
d. 130,000
e. 32,000
20. The evidence of figurative and abstract cave art includes luminous designs that seem to
shimmer, pulsate, rotate, and expand. The same __________________
are generated in the central nervous system and are seen in states of trance.
a. ungulate images
b. entopic phenomena
c. realistic scenes
d. Venus figures
e. all of the above
21. Securely dated remains from _______________, a site in south central Chile indicate that
populations had spread as far as the southern part of South America by 12,500, if not
earlier.
a. Ambrona
b. Torralba
c. Bodo
d. Bilzingsleben
e. Monte Verde
22. The abstract forms experienced during trance, known as _______________, are also seen
by people who suffer migraines.
a. entopic phenomena
b. entopicism
c. construal
d. constraint
e. iconic imaging
23. The Bushmen peoples in southern Africa began to paint or engrave their visions on rock
faces probably as early as _______________ years ago where they continued to be until
recently.
a. 35,000 years ago, or the same as the earliest art in Europe
b. 13,000 years ago
c. 45,000 years ago, or the same as the earliest art in Australia
d. a and b
e. 100,000
The Global Expansion of Homo sapiens and Their Technology
24. _______________ is an elder of the Ngiyaampaa people whose stories and land
contributes to the history of all of us.
a. Marjorie Shostak
b. Karen Burns
c. Margaret Conkey
d. Aunty Beryl
e. Joanna Nichols
25. In Europe, _______________ goes back 35,000 years as is evidenced by the
archaeological record.
a. farming
b. carving of writing systems into rock walls
c. drawing of figurative pictures
d. slash-and-burn agriculture
e. warfare
26. Upper Paleolithic peoples lived not only in caves and rock shelters, but also in structures
built out in the open. For example, in _______________ the remains have been found of
sizeable settlements, in which huts were built on frameworks of intricately stacked
mammoth bones.
a. France
b. Spain
c. England
d. Ukraine
e. Romania
27. _______________ cultures are the first in which artistic expression commonly appears.
a. Mesolithic
b. Middle Paleolithic
c. Upper Paleolithic
d. Solutrean
e. Mousterian
28. The earliest inhabitants of North America are the _______________.
a. Neandertal
b. Cro-Magnon
c. Paleoindians
d. Paleoasians
e. H. habilis
29. Culture is based on what might be called brain power, or _______________ that is a
broad concept to include intelligence, educability, concept formation, self-awareness,
self-evaluation, attention span, sensitivity in discrimination, and creativity.
a. Intelligence quotient
b. Cognate capacity
c. Cognitive capacity
d. Intelligence
e. none of the above
30. Many Neanderthal features can be seen in living people today such as the
______________.
a. occipital buns
b. tall slender bodies
c. hairy bodies
d. heavy brow ridges
e. average sized
31. The use of poison on spear tips as used by _______________ hunters in Tanzania today,
shortens killing distance considerably but it is not clear from the archaeological record
when this innovation began.
a. Watusi
b. Yanomami
c. Inuit
d. Hadza
e. Zulu
32. Art Historian LeRoy McDermott has suggested that the Venus figurines are
_______________ bodies and the earliest examples of self-representation.
a. Neandertal women’s views of their own
b. ordinary women’s views of their own
c. Cro-Magnon men’s view of women’s
d. Neandertal men’s view of women’s
e. Hadza women’s view of their own
33. Paleolithic archaeologist _______________ opened the door to feminist interpretations of
the archaeological record through her work that combines gender theory and feminist
theory with the science of archaeology.
a. Ruth Benedict
b. Margaret Mead
c. Margaret Conkey
d. Karen Harry
e. Barbara Roth
34. Watercraft are suggested at least 60,000 years ago, perhaps as people managed to get to
Australia and New Guinea then connected to one another in a single land mass called
_______________.
a. Sunda
b. the Aleutians
c. the Philippine archipelago
d. the Malay Peninsula
e. Sahul
35. The _______________ controversy illustrates the complexities of the question how
people first came to the North American hemisphere.
a. Piltdown
b. Kennewick Man
c. Cro-Magnon Man
d. Aboriginal Man
e. Neandertal
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36. _______________________ spent decades challenging the traditional notion that
Paleolithic art was made by male artists as an expression of spiritual beliefs related to
hunting activities.
a. Karen Harry
b. Barbara Roth
c. Jennifer Thompson
d. Margaret Conkey
e. Martha Knack
37. _______________ unraveled the techniques used by Upper Paleolithic people to create
their cave paintings.
a. Wolpoff and Caspari
b. Michel Lorblanchet
c. Johanna Nichols
d. Irven De Vore
e. Don Crabtree
39. A recent mtDNA study indicates that two groups of migrants crossed Beringia between
_______________ years ago.
a. 5,000 and 6,000
b. 10,000 and 12,000
c. 15,000 and 17,000
d. 20,000 and 25,000
e. 50,000 and 60,000
TRUE/FALSE
W 1. Cro-Magnon populations were less muscular, and had smaller teeth and jaws, than
Neandertal.
W 2. Cro-Magnons were tall, slender, blonde-haired, and blue-eyed, in contrast with
Neandertals who were apelike.
W 3. Fully modern human is not a term that can be applied to some present day populations of
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people.
W 4. The Upper Paleolithic Solutrean bifaces of Europe looked like the leaf of a plant.
W 5. The Neandertals migrated to the New World across the Bering land bridge.
6. The author of your textbook feels that Clan of the Cave Bear is a reasonably accurate
portrayal of Cro-Magnon and Neandertal peoples.
7. The efficiency of Paleoindian populations in the Americas may have hastened the
extinction of large Pleistocene animals such as mammoths.
8. The arrival of human populations in Alaska was the result of an actual migration of
monumental proportions.
9. The Cro-Magnons of Europe were stereotyped as having a particularly brutish
appearance and their Mousterian tools were believed to evidence cultural inferiority.
10. As Upper Paleolithic remains have become better understood, it has become clear that
differences previously described between Neandertal and Cro-Magnon were greatly
exaggerated.
11. A multidimensional diagnosis of modern humans easily excludes archaic populations to
include all contemporary humans.
12. Took kits in the Upper Paleolithic include blades for the first time.
13. The highly personal styles many use to investigating rock art focus on the importance of
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understanding humanity.
14. The multiregional hypothesis of human origins is the same as the “Eve Hypothesis.”
MATCHING
Match the name or term with the action or meaning
a. has an interest in integrating feminism and archaeology
b. unraveled the techniques used by Upper Paleolithic people to create their cave paintings
c. suggested that the first people to arrive in North America did so 20,000 years ago
d. pointed out that any definition of ‘‘modernity’’ that excluded Neandertals also excludes
substantial numbers of living native Australians
e. hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transitions
f. hypothesis that all modern people are derived from a single population
1. ______ Wolpoff and Caspari
2. ______ Michel Lorblanchet
3. ______ Johanna Nichols
4. ______ Margaret Conkey
5. ______ Eve Hypothesis
6. ______ multiregional hypothesis
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SHORT ANSWER
1. Distinguish between the physical features of Cro-Magnon and those of modern humans.
2. Describe the various examples of art of Upper Paleolithic peoples.
3. What are entopic phenomena and how do they relate to Paleolithic art designs?
4. Map the basic routes by which H. sapiens spread to Australia and the New World?
5. What was the significance of net hunting and why is it considered an important
innovation? Explain.
6. What advantages did the spear thrower offer Paleolithic peoples?
7. Describe the tool technology called “pressure-flaking.”
8. What is the significance of “Venus” figurines to our understanding of Paleolithic peoples
and the history of the way interpretations have been drawn from artistic evidence?
9. What are burins?
10. How did Lorblanchet described in the Original Study attempt to experimentally explain
the process of Paleolithic cave painting?
11. Describe the Paleoindian fluted points.
12. “Cognitive capacity” is learned and not carried by genes. What does this mean in regard
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to the spread of culture?
13. Changes in hunting weaponry and techniques had important consequences for human
survival. What were those consequences?
14. As humans came to rely increasingly on culture as a means to meet the challenges of
existence, what were they able to do?
15. Pressure flaking is associate with what period?
16. Explain why, as human populations grew and spread, cultural differences between
regions became more marked.
17. What do we mean by the term, modern humans?
ESSAY
1. Describe the technological and cultural capabilities of Upper Paleolithic peoples?
2. The Upper Paleolithic considered to be a time of great technological innovation? Why?
What significance does the technological change have to our lives today?
3. Upper Paleolithic peoples, like all humans, were challenged to understand how they fit
into the larger system of life systems. How did they meet the challenge? How does their
way compare with the ways we meet the challenge today?
4. Map the various routes suggested to have enabled people to move into the Americas.
5. Discuss how the technological advances that took place during the Paleolithic affected
human evolutionary and cultural development.
7.6. The challenge for paleoanthropologists is to determine whether biological change was
exclusively responsible for cultural changes evident in the archaeological record. Discuss
the evidence in the archaeological record that shows biological change might have been
responsible for cultural changes.
8.7. Do you think considerations of gender have been sufficiently addressed in
anthropological interpretations of the behavior of our ancestors and the way that
paleoanthropologists and archaeologists conduct their research today?