Chapter 8 – Energy Balance and Body Composition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories
daily for one month?
a.
0.5 lb
b.
2 lbs
c.
3 lbs
d.
4 lbs
e.
8 lbs
2. When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is
fat?
a.
1 lb
b.
2.5 lbs
c.
5 lbs
d.
7.5 lbs
e.
9 lbs
3. Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass?
a.
10%
b.
20%
c.
35%
d.
50%
e.
75%
4. In an adult who gains 20 pounds of excess body weight, about how much of this is lean tissue?
a.
1 lb
b.
2 lbs
c.
5 lbs
d.
10 lbs
e.
15 lbs
5. What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods?
a.
Energy chamber
b.
Exothermic meter
c.
Bomb calorimeter
d.
Combustion chamber
e.
Energy spectrometer
6. Which statement describes an association between energy measurement and foods?
a.
Indirect calorimetry cannot be used to determine the energy value of alcohol.
b.
A bomb calorimeter measures the amount of oxygen released when a food is oxidized.
c.
Direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry of the same food rarely give similar values.
d.
The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that
food as determined by bomb calorimetry.
e.
In general, the fuel value of protein foods will exceed their energy value as measured by
bomb calorimetry.
7. What is an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food?
a.
The increase in heat given off when the food is burned
b.
Quantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned
c.
Quantity of carbon dioxide consumed when the food is burned
d.
The increase in heat retained by the food when it is slowly brought to 100° C
e.
The decrease in ambient temperature when the food is chilled to 0° C
8. The amount of energy that the body derives from foods is known as the ____.
a.
basal metabolism
b.
food combustion value
c.
bomb calorimetry value
d.
physiological fuel value
e.
basal caloric value
9. Which statement correctly identifies a specific food intake behavior?
a.
A physiological need to eat is called satiety
b.
A pleasurable desire for food is called hunger
c.
An intense feeling of hunger is called insatiable nervosa
d.
A desire to eat without feelings of hunger is called appetite
e.
A desire to eat excessive amounts is called negative satiety
10. The desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake after consuming a very large meal best illustrates which
state?
a.
satiety
b.
hunger
c.
appetite
d.
depression
e.
bulimia
11. Which hormone is most responsible for signaling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a
meal?
a.
Gastrin
b.
Adipokines
c.
Neuropeptide Y
d.
Cholecystokinin
e.
Secretin
12. About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?
a.
30 minutes
b.
1.5 hours
c.
4 hours
d.
8 hours
e.
12 hours
13. Among the following, which has the greatest power to suppress hunger?
a.
Apples
b.
French fries
c.
Doughnuts
d.
Potato chips
e.
Cookies
14. What is the most satiating macronutrient?
a.
Fat
b.
Water
c.
Protein
d.
Carbohydrate
e.
Foods high in carbohydrates and fat
15. The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are feeling hungry and want to eat leftovers before
going shopping. Which food would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?
a.
Turkey
b.
Pecan pie
c.
Mashed potatoes
d.
Noodle casserole
e.
Whole berry cranberry relish
16. High-fat foods stimulate the appetite mostly because they ____.
a.
are satiating
b.
are flavorful
c.
suppress salivary gland secretion
d.
trigger the release of oxyntomodulin
e.
increase secretion of endorphins
17. The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for ____.
a.
fat
b.
salt
c.
protein
d.
carbohydrate
e.
water
18. Which process best describes thermogenesis?
a.
Burning of fat
b.
Synthesis of fat
c.
Generation of heat
d.
Generation of water
e.
Release of oxygen
19. Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her
basal metabolic rate?
a.
She is mildly malnourished.
b.
She sleeps through the procedure.
c.
She is wearing shorts and a tank top.
d.
She has eaten right before the measurement is performed.
e.
She is morbidly obese.
20. What fraction of the day’s energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal
metabolism?
a.
About 1/10
b.
About 1/3
c.
About ½
d.
About 2/3
e.
Over 9/10
21. What is the approximate daily basal metabolism of a 110-pound woman?
a.
500 kcal
b.
1000 kcal
c.
1500 kcal
d.
2000 kcal
e.
2500 kcal
22. Which factor has the most influence on the body’s metabolic rate?
a.
Age
b.
Gender
c.
Amount of fat tissue
d.
Amount of lean body tissue
e.
Usual diet
23. Which measurement may be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by the body?
a.
Oxygen consumed
b.
Total air exchanged
c.
Intestinal gas expelled
d.
Carbon dioxide consumed
e.
Carbon dioxide exchange rate
24. What method is used to measure the amount of heat given off by the body?
a.
Bomb calorimetry
b.
Basal calorimetry
c.
Direct calorimetry
d.
Indirect calorimetry
e.
Computational calorimetry
25. Which measurements are all used to compute a woman’s BMR?
a.
Body fat, height, and age
b.
Body weight, height, and age
c.
Physical activity level, body weight, and height
d.
Energy intake, physical activity level, and body weight
e.
Age, weight, and estimated skeletal mass
26. You are planning a diet for a hospitalized patient who cannot participate in physical activity because
both of his legs are broken and he will be bedridden for six weeks. Which measurement would best
assess the patient’s energy expenditure?
a.
Body composition
b.
Basal metabolic rate
c.
Physical activity level
d.
Adaptive thermogenesis
e.
Usual caloric intake
27. What is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
a.
Fever decreases the BMR.
b.
Fasting increases the BMR.
c.
Pregnancy increases the BMR.
d.
Females have a higher BMR than males on a body weight basis.
e.
Strength training decreases BMR while endurance training increases it.
28. Which diet promotes the greatest loss of body heat?
a.
High fat and low protein
b.
High protein and low fat
c.
High carbohydrate and low fat
d.
Balanced protein, fat, and carbohydrate
e.
High protein and high carbohydrate
29. What term describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg?
a.
Febrile hyperthermia
b.
Physical hyperthermia
c.
Specific thermogenesis
d.
Adaptive thermogenesis
e.
Stress hyperthermia
30. What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet?
a.
25 kcal
b.
250 kcal
c.
400 kcal
d.
500 kcal
e.
1250 kcal
31. What is the primary reason for not including the value for adaptive thermogenesis when calculating
energy requirements?
a.
It is too costly to measure
b.
It is too variable to measure
c.
The value is too low to be meaningful
d.
The value is highly influenced by the dietary ratio of protein, fat, and carbohydrate
e.
It has no significant impact on energy requirements.
32. Among the following groups, which has the highest metabolic rate?
a.
Females
b.
Older individuals
c.
Younger individuals
d.
People with smaller surface areas
e.
Sedentary people
33. If a dancer and a typist are the same height and have the exact same body build, the dancer will be
heavier because she has ____.
a.
more body fat
b.
stronger bones
c.
stronger muscles
d.
more muscle mass
e.
denser bones
34. What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of
the same body weight?
a.
Males are usually taller than females
b.
Females have lower levels of thyroid hormones
c.
Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass
d.
Females have a lower percentage of adipose tissue
e.
Reproductive hormones increase the basal metabolic rates of females.
35. For every decade after early adulthood, what is the percentage decrease in BMR?
a.
2%
b.
5%
c.
10%
d.
15%
e.
20%
36. To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which factor is used in the calculation?
a.
Weight
b.
Fat intake
c.
Surface area
d.
Fatfold thickness
e.
Bone density
37. The weight of a body minus the fat content is known as the ____.
a.
cherubic index
b.
lean body mass
c.
body mass index
d.
ideal body weight
e.
lean weight
38. An index of a person’s weight in relation to height is called ____.
a.
body mass index
b.
height to weight index
c.
ideal body weight index
d.
desirable body weight index
e.
weight to height ratio
39. A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops
below ____.
a.
12
b.
14
c.
17
d.
18.5
e.
20
40. What is a significant factor associated with the interpretation of body composition values?
a.
The values include fat and protein but not water.
b.
Sedentary, normal-weight people are rarely over-fat.
c.
Muscular people may be classified as overweight.
d.
Body composition can be accurately assessed by measuring body weight.
e.
In middle-aged people, body composition is unrelated to morbidity and mortality.
41. Which statement is true of body mass index?
a.
It correlates with disease risks.
b.
It decreases by 1 unit for every 10 years of life.
c.
It provides an estimate of the fat level of the body.
d.
It is defined as the person’s height divided by the square of the weight.
e.
Its absolute value is less important than the rate at which it changes.
42. What is the range of body fat content for normal-weight men 20-39 years of age?
a.
5-10%
b.
18–21%
c.
22–30%
d.
32–40%
e.
41–47%
43. What is the approximate body mass index of a woman who is 5’5″ and 125 lbs?
a.
21
b.
26
c.
31
d.
36
e.
40
44. Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5’5” tall and weighs 165 lbs. She calculated her BMI to be 27.5.
She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a
regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much
weight (lbs) must she lose?
a.
21
b.
27
c.
33
d.
41
e.
52
45. Why does use of the BMI overestimate the prevalence of obesity in the African-American population?
a.
Blacks have a higher average height than whites.
b.
Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites.
c.
Blacks tend to have different proportions of brown and white adipose tissue than whites.
d.
The fat pads in blacks are situated primarily around the hips, whereas in whites the pads
are primarily abdominal.
e.
Blacks have both lower average height and higher average weight than whites.
46. Within what range would a young women with 30% body fat and young men with 20% body fat be
found?
a.
Obese
b.
Average
c.
Mildly overweight
d.
Slightly underweight
e.
Morbidly obese
47. What is the ideal range of body fat content for women between 20 and 39 years of age?
a.
15–17%
b.
18–21%
c.
23–26%
d.
28–32%
e.
33–37%
48. What is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?
a.
It is more common in women than men.
b.
It has been proven to be a poorer indicator of degenerative diseases than the BMI.
c.
Some (but not all) research suggests that it is more harmful than fat in other locations.
d.
It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes in men but not in women.
e.
It bears very little relationship to heart disease or diabetes but is importantly associated
with certain cancers.
49. Which of the following defines central obesity?
a.
Accumulation of fat during the mid-years of life
b.
Storage of excess fat around the trunk of the body
c.
Over-fatness due to a large number of interacting behavioral problems
d.
Over-fatness due to reliance on high-fat foods as a central part of the diet
e.
Obesity determined primarily by genetic factors and only slightly by diet and exercise
50. Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided
that the excess body fat is distributed around the ____.
a.
stomach
b.
arms and chest
c.
hips and thighs
d.
neck
e.
shoulders
51. Which measurement can be used to gauge the amount of a person’s abdominal fat?
a.
BMI
b.
Essential body fat
c.
Hydrodensitometry
d.
Waist circumference
e.
Adaptive thermogenesis efficiency
52. According to much research, in what region of the body is the storage of excess body fat associated
with the highest risks for cardiovascular disease?
a.
Neck
b.
Abdomen
c.
Hips and thighs
d.
Arms and shoulders
e.
Legs and feet
53. A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to
exceed ____.
a.
24 inches
b.
28 inches
c.
35 inches
d.
42 inches
e.
48 inches
54. There is a high risk of obesity-related health problems when a man’s waist circumference begins to
exceed ____.
a.
40 inches
b.
45.5 inches
c.
50 inches
d.
52.5 inches
e.
57.5 inches
55. According to much research, what is a characteristic of excess body fat that is distributed primarily
around the abdomen?
a.
It is related directly to exercise.
b.
Its presence lowers the risk for diabetes.
c.
It is less common in women past menopause.
d.
It is associated with increased mortality for both sexes.
e.
It is related to cancer but not heart disease risk.
56. Visceral fat is stored chiefly ____.
a.
around the thighs and neck
b.
within the liver and spleen
c.
around the abdominal organs
d.
within subcutaneous adipocytes
e.
in shallow deposits above muscles
57. To assess body composition, health-care professionals most often use BMI and ____.
a.
skinfold thickness
b.
hydrodensitometry
c.
waist circumference
d.
bioelectric impedence
e.
percentage of body fat
58. What is a common method used to assess body fat?
a.
Impedence densitometry
b.
Radioactive sodium count
c.
Bioelectric absorptiometry
d.
Air displacement plethysmography
e.
DXA scan