Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, 7e (Knox/Marston)
Chapter 8 Geographies of Economic Development
8.1 Multiple Choice
1) The evolving global geography of Nike shoe manufacturing is based on changing patterns of
A) labor costs.
B) market demand.
C) raw materials.
D) expertise and skills.
E) exchange rates.
2) Basic principles of commercial and industrial location are based on
A) access to suppliers.
B) proximity to markets.
C) the availability of labor.
D) processing costs.
E) access to suppliers, proximity to markets, the availability of labor, and processing costs.
3) Economic development is NOT even over space in
A) the world system.
B) core countries.
C) peripheral countries.
D) both the world system and core countries
E) the world systems, core countries, and peripheral countries.
4) To most equitably compare the relative levels of economic development of different countries,
and to adjust for their different currencies, it is best to use
A) Gross Domestic Product.
B) Gross Domestic Product per capita.
C) Gross National Income per capita.
D) Purchasing Power Parity.
E) any of the above.
5) The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a region or country includes the total value (in a given
year) of all but which of the following?
A) foodstuffs produced in the country
B) services produced in the country
C) machinery produced in the country
D) profits from abroad (overseas)
E) both foodstuffs and services produced in the country.
6) In the context of economic development over the last 30 years, regional inequality across the
globe
A) has declined with increased globalization.
B) has increased with increasing globalization.
C) has not worsened in countries like the United States and Scandinavia.
D) is not evident in peripheral countries.
E) is not evident in core countries.
7) A country’s ecological footprint is calculated from all but which of the following?
A) size of the population
B) the education of the population
C) the affluence of the population — calculated in terms of how much they consume
D) the technologies being used — measured in term of the intensity of resource use
E) both the size of the population and the education of the population.
8) Economic development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is the classic definition for
A) carrying capacity.
B) ecological footprint.
C) sustainable development.
D) Reaganomics.
E) the Human Development Index.
9) The ability of a country to explore and exploit its resources is based on all but which of the
following?
A) the value of its resources
B) technological innovations in the country and around the world
C) the political situation in that country
D) economic conditions in that country
E) the value of its resources, technological innovations in the country and around the world, and
the political situation and economic conditions in that country.
10) Which of the following would one expect to find in a peripheral country with a large primary
sector?
A) coffee and cocoa bean trees
B) coffee roasting and chocolate making factories
C) coffee shops, espresso bars and chocolate specialty stores
D) research and development on how to make imitation coffee and chocolate flavors
E) both coffee factories and coffee shops
11) With the exception of some oil-rich economies, countries with large primary sectors of the
economy have GDPs per capita ________ countries with large tertiary sectors.
A) higher than
B) lower than
C) quite similar to
D) sometimes higher/sometimes lower—cannot generalize
12) In the world system, highest levels of per capita GDP are found in economies where the
tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate the workforce. These economies are known as
A) industrial.
B) nonindustrial.
C) postindustrial.
D) sustainable.
E) newly industrialized.
13) In the world’s major core economies, the production and distribution of ________ has
become the most important contributor to gross domestic product.
A) manufactured goods
B) knowledge
C) energy
D) food
E) computers
14) NICs are best exemplified by
A) Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Samoa and Tanzania.
B) Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia.
C) Canada, Finland, Russia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
D) China, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, India and Argentina.
E) Amsterdam, New York, Tokyo, London, Moscow and Beijing.
15) The world system’s autarkic countries include
A) Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Samoa and Tanzania.
B) Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia, Slovenia and Yugoslavia.
C) Canada, Finland, Russia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
D) China, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, India and Argentina.
E) Amsterdam, New York, Tokyo, London, Moscow and Beijing.
16) Countries that have a high proportion of economic self-sufficiency or independence from the
world system, and do not contribute significantly to the world economy in terms of imports and
exports, are
A) autarkies.
B) anarchies.
C) oligarchies.
D) hegemonies.
E) neo-Fordists.
17) “Dependency” for peripheral countries means that they are dependent on core countries for
all of the following except
A) demand.
B) labor.
C) investment.
D) technology.
E) imports.
18) The debt crisis refers to
A) the high debt service many peripheral countries must pay on international loans.
B) the increasing debt service that banks are unable to collect from students and credit card
holders.
C) the loans that entrepreneurs in core countries are unable to get from investment banks.
D) the difficulty core countries have in balancing their budgets.
E) the increasing number of bankruptcies occurring in core countries.
19) W. W. Rostow’s model of economic development encourages the perception that every
country is striving for and moving toward
A) high mass consumption.
B) postindustrialism.
C) socialism.
D) economic self-sufficiency.
E) democracy.
20) According to “dependency theory” the development and prosperity of the world’s core was
based on the ________ of the periphery.
A) development
B) underdevelopment
C) backwardness
D) traditionalism
E) economic prosperity
21) The cost savings and/or advantages that individual firms get when they are located in the
same area as other firms of the same industry is known as a(n) ________ economy.
A) remittance
B) external
C) ancillary
D) localization
E) deindustrialization
22) Schools, roads, railroads, hospitals, retail outlets, recreational and cultural opportunities,
social services and the entire framework of support services and amenities in a city or region is
known as its
A) infrastructure.
B) initial advantage.
C) spread effects.
D) ancillary activities.
E) ecological footprint.
23) The process of cumulative causation in an area drains all but ________ from surrounding
areas.
A) entrepreneurial talent
B) labor
C) investment capital
D) infrastructure
24) The spiral of economic growth and advantage that emerges as external economies,
agglomeration and localization economies develop in a place is called
A) cumulative causation.
B) creative destruction.
C) neo-Fordism.
D) flexible production.
E) Reaganomics.
25) According to Nobel prize-winning economist Gunnar Myrdal, cumulative causation and the
spiral of local economic growth in one area tends to cause negative impacts in others called
A) backwash effects.
B) agglomeration diseconomies.
C) deindustrialization.
D) spread effects.
E) external economies.
26) Backwash effects in a region include all but which of the following?
A) out-migration of labor and talent
B) a shrinking tax base
C) increase in forward and backward linkages
D) outflows of investment capital
27) The spiral of cumulative causation in peripheral regions and countries is assisted by
A) import substitution in the core.
B) backwash effects from the core.
C) spread effects from the core.
D) agglomeration diseconomies in the core.
E) both C and D
28) The spiral of cumulative causation in core regions and countries is linked to
A) import substitution in the periphery.
B) backwash effects in the periphery.
C) spread effects from the periphery.
D) agglomeration diseconomies in the periphery.
E) both C and D
29) Growing sugar beets for sugar, as an alternative to importing sugar made from sugar cane, is
an example of
A) import substitution.
B) a quaternary sector activity.
C) flexible production.
D) vertical disintegration.
E) deindustrialization.
30) Import substitution is an important strategy for economic growth because
A) domestic (local) production is supported.
B) all imports are able to compete on a level playing field.
C) consumers pay less for imported goods.
D) import processing zones function as engines of economic development.
E) both domestic (local) production is supported and consumers pay less for imported goods.
31) Creative destruction refers to the
A) withdrawal of investment from low profit areas and activities for reinvestment in high profit
ones.
B) conversion and remodeling of old, decaying buildings into modern art facilities.
C) artistically destroying and knocking down old buildings and areas for new development.
D) removal of materials from old facilities for use in new construction, to maintain links between
old and new.
E) bulldozing vacant houses in order to create agrarian areas.
32) Creative destruction refers to the withdrawal of ________ from declining areas and activities
for use in new areas and activities.
A) capital
B) building materials
C) culture
D) political ideas
E) culture and political ideas
33) In the context of creative destruction in the U.S., investment removed from ________
provided the capital and locational flexibility for investment in peripheral countries.
A) the Sunbelt
B) the Manufacturing Belt
C) maquiladoras
D) export-processing zone
E) the Sunbelt and Manufacturing Belt
34) Core-periphery patterns are modified by
A) deindustrialization.
B) creative destruction.
C) government intervention.
D) innovations in transport and communication.
E) deindustrialization, creative destruction, government intervention and innovations in transport
and communication.
35) Governments establish propulsive industries to promote
A) regional economic development.
B) economic growth in existing manufacturing centers.
C) primary sector growth.
D) local health, education and welfare.
36) Of the following, which are properly considered “propulsive industries”?
A) department and grocery stores
B) local mom and pop businesses
C) shipbuilding and automobile manufacturing plants
D) community libraries and hospitals
E) both local mom and pop businesses and community libraries and hospitals
37) Places of economic activity organized around one or more high-growth industries are known
as
A) growth poles.
B) north poles.
C) economic poles.
D) industrial poles.
E) government poles.
38) Growth poles
A) work as part of government policies to encourage cumulative causation.
B) emerge through the forces of supply and demand.
C) succeed based on the concept of comparative advantage.
D) rely on the international division of labor.
E) are a consequence of core-periphery relations.
39) Transnational companies are those that are involved in
A) international trade.
B) production in multiple countries.
C) manufacturing in multiple countries.
D) foreign sales and marketing in numerous countries.
E) international trade, production and manufacturing in multiple countries, and foreign sales and
marketing in numerous countries.
40) The global assembly line refers to consumer goods that are made
A) with raw materials, components, labor, and manufacture from around the world.
B) in one country and designed to be marketed and sold around the world.
C) with capital invested by people, businesses and banks from around the world.
D) with the goal of employing as many people in the periphery as possible.
E) in factories that are sited on both sides of an international border.
41) Manufacturing based on assembly line techniques and high wages, and reliant upon mass
consumption, is known as
A) Fordism.
B) Toyotaism.
C) Reaganomics.
D) Chryslerism.
E) just-in-time manufacturing.
42) Flexible production, distribution and marketing systems are specifically associated with
A) Fordism.
B) Neo-Fordism.
C) Reaganomics.
D) maquiladoras.
E) the trickle-down theory.
43) One of the huge benefits of just-in-time production is that the need for ________ is
eliminated.
A) large inventories
B) labor
C) advertising
D) working overtime
E) understanding cultural differences
44) Just-in-time production relies upon all of the following except
A) dependency.
B) vertical integration.
C) computer-aided manufacturing.
D) computer-based information systems.
E) strategic alliances.
45) Maquiladoras (manufacturing firms that import components for assembly and re-export) are
found
A) in Mexico, clustered near the U.S. border.
B) in Canada, clustered in and around Quebec.
C) throughout Spanish-speaking communities of North America.
D) throughout the world’s periphery.
E) in the Philippines, in export-processing zones.
46) The vast majority of workers in maquiladoras and Export Processing Zones are
A) children.
B) women.
C) men.
D) the elderly.
E) people of African descent.
47) Countries establish Export Processing Zones (EPZs) to attract
A) export-oriented industries.
B) propulsive industries.
C) foreign aid.
D) secret, tax-sheltered monies.
E) maquiladoras.
48) Offshore financial centers are designed to attract
A) export-oriented industries.
B) propulsive industries.
C) foreign aid.
D) secret, tax-sheltered monies.
E) maquiladoras.
49) The Cayman Islands, Channel Islands (Jersey), Mauritius, Singapore, and Switzerland are
known in the financial world as
A) tax havens.
B) newly industrializing economies.
C) experience economies.
D) businessman’s utopias.
E) growth poles.
50) The region of South China emerged as China’s core manufacturing region due to all of the
following except
A) its harbors and ports.
B) the established trade and manufacturing networks of Macau and Hong Kong.
C) capital investment from Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Chinese Diaspora.
D) its rich energy and natural resources base.
E) its harbor and ports and its rich energy and natural resources base.
51) Most foreign investment in China comes from
A) East Asia.
B) Europe.
C) North America.
D) the Middle East.
E) South America.
52) The most certified Fair Trade product in the United States is
A) coffee.
B) bananas.
C) tea.
D) chocolate.
E) chicken.
53) Which of the following is the greatest?
A) Four years of tuition at this university/college
B) Average annual wages of a Nike shoe factory worker in East Asia
C) Annual sales of fair trade coffee in the United States
D) Annual export earnings of Bangladesh
E) Annual per capita gross national income in any of the world’s core countries
54) The term “Third World”
A) has been in use since the Age of Exploration.
B) is a Cold War term referring to the periphery.
C) is used for countries that practice neither capitalism or socialism.
D) refers to the world’s politically neutral countries.
E) refers to those countries that are neither in the North nor the South.
55) Which of the following gives the most accurate measure of relative economic prosperity?
A) purchasing power parity
B) GDP per capita
C) GNP per capita
D) national income
56) Which of the following has the smallest ecological footprint?
A) United States
B) Canada
C) Finland
D) Qatar
E) Bangladesh
57) Which of the following countries has the smallest amount of raw materials and sources of
energy?
A) United States
B) Canada
C) Russia
D) Japan
E) Australia
58) Technology systems
A) contain interrelated transportation, production, and energy technologies.
B) tend to last for several decades.
C) are eventually replaced by more sophisticated systems.
D) contain interrelated transportation, production, and energy technologies, tend to last for
several decades, and are eventually replaced by more sophisticated systems.
59) Countries with the lowest GDP per capita have work forces engaged for the most part in
A) primary activities.
B) secondary activities.
C) tertiary activities.
D) quaternary activities.
60) In which of the following regions is the smallest percentage of the work force engaged in
primary activities?
A) South America
B) North America
C) Africa
D) Asia
E) Caribbean