1. Conflict promotes crime by creating a social atmosphere in which the is a mechanism for controlling
dissatisfied, have-not members of society while the wealthy maintain their power.
2. Hegel argued that for every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument, or , that results in a
merger or synthesis.
3. The owners of the means of production are the .
4. The are the people termed by Marx as the working class members of society who produce
goods and services but who do not own the means of production.
5. Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is organized into a plurality of competing .
6. The roots of critical criminology can be traced to the social philosopher , who identified the
economic structures in society that control all human relations.
7. Vold argued that laws are created by political groups who seek assistance from the to help
them defend their rights and interests.
8. By 1847, Marx and Engels had joined with a group of primarily German socialist revolutionaries known as the
.
9. The fringe members at the bottom of society who produce nothing and live, parasitically, off the work of others
are known as .
10. In his , Marx focused his attention on the economic conditions perpetuated by the
capitalist system.
11. In 1973, critical theory was given a powerful academic boost when British scholars Ian Taylor, Paul Walton,
and Jock Young published .
12. In 1968, a group of British sociologists formed the , made up of 300 members who
were critical of positivist criminology and rejected the conservative stance of criminologists and their close
financial relationships with government agencies.
13. Critical thinkers believe that the key crime-producing element of modern corporate capitalism is the effort to
create .
14. According to critical criminologists, crime is a concept designed to protect the power and position
of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.
15. The study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and
tried are known as .
16. thrusts people outside the economic mainstream, forcing them to live in areas conducive to crime.
17. may be responsible for unrest in financial systems and in so doing has created a fertile
ground for contemporary enterprise crimes.
18. view criminal law and the criminal system as instruments for controlling the poor,
have–not members of society.
19. believe that the law is not the exclusive domain of the rich but instead is used to maintain the
long–term interests of the capitalist system.
20. holds that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly
abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class.
21.
Although the number of traditional families is in steep decline, in those that still exist, a wife’s
economic dependence ties men more securely to wage–earning jobs, further serving the interests of capitalists by
undermining potential rebellion against the system.
22. The purpose of is to promote a peaceful and just society.
23. In Restorative Justice, Sullivan and Tifft reaffirm their belief that society must seek forms of
justice without resorting to brutal punishment.
24. Rather than punish law violators harshly and make them outcasts of society, peacemakers look for ways to bring
them back to the community. This peacemaking movement has adopted nonviolent methods and applied them to
what is known as .
25. Braithwaite’s vision rests on the concept of ; the feeling we get when we don’t meet the
standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us.
26. Conflict theorists are concerned with which of the following?
a. the role government plays in creating a
criminogenic environment
c. the prevalence of bias in the justice system
operations
b. the relationship between personal or group power and
the shaping of criminal law
d. all of these
27. According to Willem Bonger, crimes are considered antisocial acts because they are harmful to:
a. the general consensus. b. the working class.
c. the ruling class. d. all classes.
28. In 1848, Karl Marx issued his famous:
a. Communist Manifesto. b. Mein Kampf.
c. Marxist Manifesto. d. Declaration of Dialectic Method.
29. Productive forces include such things as:
a. technology. b. energy sources.
c. material resources. d. all of the above.
30. The attachments that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as:
a. productive forces. b. productive relations.
c. productive handicaps. d. productive facilitators.
31. Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called:
a. lumpen proletariat. b. capitalist proletariat.
c. capitalist bourgeoisie. d. lumpen bourgeoisie.
32. Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:
a. productive forces. b. lumpen proletariat.
c. capitalist bourgeoisie. d. the proletariat.
33. According to Marx, those at the bottom of the class structure are the , who produce nothing and live
off the work of others.
a. proletariat b. capitalist bourgeoisie
c. lumpen proletariat d. lumpen bourgeoisie
34. Hegel argued that for every idea, or thesis, there exists an opposing argument or:
a. antithesis. b. subthesis.
c. hypothesis. d. synthesis.
35. According to Ralf Dahrendorf, modern society is comprised of:
a. competing interest groups. b. general community consensus.
c. a majority rule. d. united groups.
36. Which theorist argued that modern society is organized into imperatively coordinated associations: those who
possess authority and those who lack authority?
a. Willem Bonger b. Ralf Dahrendorf
c. George Vold d. Karl Marx
37. Richard Quinney’s theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is
known as:
a. Marxist feminism. b. radical feminism.
c. social reality of crime. d. dialectic method.
38. Conflict theorists believe this occurs when people are thrust outside the economic mainstream, forcing a larger
portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime.
a. classification b. symbolic interaction
c. marginalization d. economic interaction
39. High schools located in poverty–stricken inner cities with completion rates of 40% or less are referred to as:
a. dropout factories. b. level–three schools.
c. bottom schools. d. disadvantaged institutions.
40. The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods whose value exceeds that of wages is known as:
a. surplus profit. b. surplus value.
c. surplus efficiency. d. surplus production.
41. Critical theorists believe that the motives of multinational corporations for providing jobs in third-world counties
is to:
a. build the economies of these countries. b. provide the poorest individuals better jobs.
c. supply the poor in the United States with
affordable goods.
d. exploit natural resources and desperate workers while
avoiding regulations.
42. Which of the following is defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed,
in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives?
a. state–organized crime b. government-sanctioned crime
c. state-fostered criminality d. fiscal crime
43. In 2013, a leak of documents stolen from the National Security Agency (NSA) by contract employee Edward
Snowden revealed an example of:
a. illegal domestic surveillance. b. evidence tampering.
c. the failures of Obamacare. d. war crimes in third word countries.
44. According to Bonn, the administration initiated a campaign to convince the U.S. public
and the world that Iraq was involved in the attacks of 9/11 as an example of state-ordered crime.
a.
Bush
b. Obama
c. Clinton d. Nixon
45. The desire for was one of the primary reasons for Japan’s invasion of China and other Eastern
nations that sparked their entry into World War II.
a. natural resources b. cheap labor
c. slaves d. revenge
46. According to the instrumental view of critical criminology, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the
rich but:
a. their crimes are less visible. b. they are arrested and punished less often.
c. their crimes are more serious. d. they are arrested and punished more often.
47. According to instrumental theorists, unmasking the true purpose of law and justice is said to it.
a.
destigmatize
b. discredit
c. dishonor d. demystify
48. Which of the following is the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and
preserving the capitalist system
a. critical feminist theory b. instrumental critical theory
c. power-control theory d. structural critical theory
49. When conducting a meta-analysis of literature on police arrest practices, Koche, Wilson, and Mastrofski found
that after being stopped by the police:
a. minority suspects were significantly more likely to
be arrested than white suspects.
c. minority and white suspects had an
equal likelihood of being arrested.
b. White suspects were significantly more likely to
be arrested than minority suspects.
d. middle- and lower-class individuals had an equal
likelihood of being arrested.
50. Which is the branch of conflict theory that focuses on the emergence of a strict “law and order” philosophy and
that believes street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by
the capitalist system and then by members of their own class?
a. power control b. peacemaking theory
c. critical realism d. left realism
51. Left–realists do not view police to be inherently evil tools of capitalism, but they do wish that police would:
a. reduce their use of force.
b. increase their sensitivity to the public.
c. be more responsive to community needs.
d. all of the above.
52. The system of , in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs, sustains female
oppression at home and in the workplace.
a. equiarchy b. oligarchy
c. matriarchy d. patriarchy
53. According to Messerschmidt, men commit more crime than females because of , which argues that men
control women both economically and biologically.
a. feminist stance b. double marginality
c. dual discrimination d. double control
54. Which of the following is the best example of a role-exit behavior?
a. running away from home b. hanging out with deviant peers
c. living in an egalitarian family d. shoplifting on a regular basis
55. In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and the workplace?
a. matriarchal b. patriarchal
c. paternalistic d. egalitarian
56. In his Masculinities and Crime, what did Messerschmidt call men’s struggle to dominate women in order to
prove their manliness?
a. “doing domination” b. “doing machismo”
c. “doing tough” d. “doing gender”