59. A graph of the relationship between mortality (Y or vertical axis) and body mass index is shaped like
a(n) ____.
a.
J
b.
S
c.
backslash
d.
inverted U
e.
U
60. _____ is second only to _____ in causing premature deaths.
a.
Underweight; obesity
b.
Tobacco; underweight
c.
Tobacco; obesity
d.
Obesity; tobacco
e.
Alcohol; obesity
61. What is a consequence of losing excess body weight?
a.
It reverses atherosclerosis.
b.
It lowers HDL-cholesterol.
c.
It increases insulin resistance.
d.
It raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue.
e.
It increases triglycerides.
62. What term best describes a failure of the body’s cells to respond to secretion of insulin?
a.
Central obesity
b.
Insulin resistance
c.
Thyroid insufficiency
d.
Hypothalamic impedance
e.
Islet cell pathology
63. The major cause of insulin resistance is related to ____.
a.
low-protein diets
b.
high-protein diets
c.
excess body weight
d.
prolonged excess carbohydrate intake
e.
very low fat diets
64. What best explains the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female
reproductive system?
a.
Obese women are more sedentary, which promotes cancer development.
b.
The higher levels of body fat act as a reservoir of carcinogenic substances.
c.
Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development.
d.
The greater food consumption of obese women provides a higher intake of
naturally-occurring carcinogens.
e.
Obese women have impaired immune function which decreases their ability to deal with
cancer-causing viruses.
65. What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops
amenorrhea and osteoporosis?
a.
Female athlete triad
b.
Triathlete medical disorder
c.
High stress tertiary disorder
d.
Nonadaptable training syndrome
e.
Athletic hormonal disruption
66. What is the most common eating disorder in both males and females?
a.
Athlete triad
b.
Bulimia nervosa
c.
Anorexia nervosa
d.
Binge-eating disorder
e.
Carbohydrate addiction
67. What is an emetic?
a.
An appetite suppressant
b.
An inhibitor of intestinal lipase
c.
A substance that induces vomiting
d.
An over-the-counter weight loss product
e.
A stimulant laxative
68. A cathartic is a ____.
a.
strong laxative
b.
drug that induces vomiting
c.
device to measure skinfold thickness
d.
device to measure the amount of intra-abdominal fat
e.
drug that decreases the urge to vomit
69. The first dietary objective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is to ____.
a.
stop further weight loss
b.
increase physical activity
c.
decrease physical activity
d.
eat foods with higher fiber content
e.
decrease fat intake
70. What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?
a.
Binge eating usually occurs during the daytime.
b.
Binge eating is frequently done at restaurant buffets.
c.
Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting.
d.
A binge eating episode is usually completed within 20 minutes.
e.
Young women are particularly likely to have “binge buddies” with whom they binge.
COMPLETION
1. ____________________ refers to the energy (kcalories) consumed from foods and beverages
compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activities.
2. The number of kcalories that the body derives from a food is termed its ____________________.
3. The nerve signals and chemical messengers associated with hunger originate and act primarily in the
brain structure called the ____________________.
4. As receptors in the stomach stretch and hormones such as cholecystokinin become active and prompt a
person to stop eating, the person experiences ____________________.
5. After a meal, the feeling of ____________________ continues to suppress hunger and allows a person
to not eat again for a while.
6. About ____________________ of the energy the average person expends in a day supports the body’s
basal metabolism.
7. ____________________ is an estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb,
transport, metabolize, and store ingested nutrients);
8. ____________________ refers to adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in
environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma, and
changes in hormone status.
9. An individual with a BMI of less than ____________________ is said to be underweight.
10. An individual with a BMI of ____________________ or more is said to be obese.
MATCHING
a.
2
k.
Caffeine
b.
5
l.
Appetite
c.
18
m.
External cue
d.
20
n.
Stress eating
e.
25
o.
Thermic effect
f.
100
p.
Basal metabolism
g.
7000
q.
Direct calorimetry
h.
Fasting
r.
Indirect calorimetry
i.
Satiety
s.
Specific dynamic effect
j.
Hunger
t.
Adaptive thermogenesis
1. Approximate number of kcalories in 2 pounds of body fat
2. Technique used to measure the amount of heat given off when a food burns
3. Technique used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed when a food burns
4. Response to the smell of favorite food
5. Irritating sensation that initiates thoughts of food
6. A feeling of fullness after eating
7. Eating in response to arousal
8. Eating in response to the time of day
9. Energy needed to maintain the body at rest
10. A factor that lowers basal metabolism
11. A factor that raises basal metabolism
12. Approximate number of kcalories per minute expended by a person with a total daily energy need of
2900 kcalories
13. Term that describes the energy needed to process food
14. Changes in energy expenditure consequent to changes in environment
15. The amount of energy in a 1000-kcalorie meal that is expended as specific dynamic activity
16. Synonymous with the thermic effect of food
17. Maximum thermic effect of alcohol as percentage
18. The percentage decline in basal metabolism per decade of adult life
19. Body mass index of an adult of 180 lbs and 5 ft 11 in
20. Lower range of body fat percentage in normal-weight men
1. Discuss factors that affect the sensations of hunger and appetite.
2. Explain the difference between satiety and satiation. Give examples of nutrients with a high or low
satiating index.
3. How does consumption of fiber and protein induce satiation and satiety?
4. Compare basal metabolic rate with resting metabolic rate.
5. Discuss factors that increase and decrease basal metabolic rate.
6. What factors may account for the decline in BMR with age?
7. List six tips that promote a person’s acceptance of a healthy body weight.
8. Identify the BMI figures that denote underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese.
9. Discuss the importance of fat distribution in the body in relation to risk for degenerative diseases.
10. What are some of the physiological consequences in a person who falls below a certain threshold for
body fat?
11. Explain the adverse effects of excess body fat deposited around the abdominal region.
12. List several health risks associated with being underweight and with being overweight.
ANS:
13. What is the association between chronic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome?
14. List the characteristics of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Describe the typical personality traits
of individuals with these eating disorders.
15. Discuss the characteristics of binge-eating disorder. What is known about its treatment?