57. Consider the relationship between patriarchy, powerlessness, and crime. When lower-class males are shut out
of the economic opportunity structure, they try to build their self–image through acts of machismo; such acts may
involve:
a.
self–mutilation.
b. violent abuse of women.
c. drug use. d. the use of weapons.
58. Which key element of power–control theory has been supported by research?
a. Middle-class girls in egalitarian households are the most likely to violate the law.
b. Females in paternalistic households are more likely to experience stigma and shame than their brothers.
c. Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than have their brothers.
d. Females in egalitarian households are more likely to have the same expectations of career success as their
brothers.
59. According to power-control theory, families in which fathers and mothers assume the traditional role of the man
working outside the home and women working inside the home are called families.
a. maternal families b. egalitarian families
c. paternalistic families d. power families
60. For members of which movement is the main purpose of criminology to promote a peaceful and just society?
a. peacemaking b. left realism
c. postmodernism d. globalization
61. Rather than punishment and prison, peacemaking scholars advocate such policies as:
a. mediation and conflict resolution. b. counseling and probation.
c. stigmatization and deterrence. d. fines and detention.
62. emerged from Native American culture; they require people accused of breaking the law to meet
with community members, victims, village elders, and agents of the justice system.
a. Mediation programs b. Sentencing circles
c. Jails d. Probation
63. One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing:
a. the degree of stigma with the degree of reintegration.
b. the rehabilitation of the offender with the offender’s symbolic punishment.
c. the concept of justice with the concept of deterrence.
d. the needs of offenders with those of their victims.
64. Braithwaite’s view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame. What is known about shame?
a. Symbolic shaming is more effective that actual shame.
b. Sentencing circles rely heavily on shaming the offender.
c. As a specific deterrent stigmatization is doomed to failure.
d. All of these are known about shame.
65. Restorative processes generally include which basic elements?
a. asking the offender to accept responsibility
b. a determination of community support and assistance for both the victim and the offender
c. turning the justice system into a healing process
d. all of the above.
66. Marx claimed that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production.
a. True
b. False
67. According to Marxist theory, class does not refer to an attribute of a person, rather it is one’s position in relation
to others.
a. True
b. False
68. There are more than 1,700 dropout factories in the United States.
a. True
b. False
69. Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression.
a. True
b. False
70.
Some experts believe that globalization can improve the standard of living in third–world nations by providing
jobs and training.
a. True
b. False
71. The United States is only one of three countries with no examples of state–organized crime.
a. True
b. False
72. If in the United States the EPA refuses to deal with or turns a blind eye to environmental crimes of the fracking
industry, this would be an example of state-corporate crime.
a. True
b. False
73. As the rate of surplus value increases, more people are displaced from productive relationships and the size of
the marginal population swells.
a. True
b. False
74. Instrumentalists view the criminal law and criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the elite
members of society.
a. True
b. False
75. According to the instrumental view, capitalist justice serves the powerful and rich and enables them to impose
their morality and standards of behavior on the entire society.
a. True
b. False
76. Structural theorists believe that the justice system is designed to change the status quo to create a more balanced
system.
a. True
b. False
77. The racial threat hypothesis states that as the number of minority group members in the community increases,
law enforcement agents become more punitive.
a. True
b. False
78. Critical analysis shows that despite legal controls the use of the death penalty seems to be skewed against racial
minorities
a. True
b. False
79. Research has found that jurisdictions with significant levels of economic disparity are also the most likely to have
large numbers of people killed by police officers.
a. True
b. False
80. Some schools have embraced restorative justice practices to deal with students who are involved in drug and
alcohol abuse without having to resort to more punitive measures such as expulsion.
a. True
b. False
81. Areas with higher minority populations also have higher rates of imprisonment.
a. True
b. False
82. Instrumental theorists consider it essential to demystifylaw and justice—that is, to unmask its true purpose.
a. True
b. False
83. Left–realists argue that police should reduce their use of force, increase their sensitivity to the public, and be
more responsive to community needs.
a. True
b. False
84. In egalitarian families, fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinners, while mothers tend to have menial jobs
or remain at home to supervise domestic matters.
a. True
b. False
85. Empirical examinations of power–control theory find that girls who grow up in egalitarian families are more likely
to be delinquent than girls who grow up in paternalistic families.
a. True
b. False
86. According to reintegrative shaming, shaming that is stigmatizing has a strong and effective deterrent effect.
a. True
b. False
87. Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as crime–encouraging rather
than crime–discouraging.
a. True
b. False
88. Advocates of restorative justice support methods of punishment such as probation and imprisonment.
a. True
b. False
89. Restorative justice discourages the involvement of the community in criminal punishments.
a. True
b. False
90. Reintegration shaming extends disapproval to an offender’s deeds while casting the offender as a respected
person who can be reaccepted by society.
a. True
b. False
91. Describe Karl Marx’s economic theory and how conflict criminologists associate Marxist thought with crime.
Connect Marxist thought with the issue of globalization.
92. Compare and contrast the theoretical contributions of Willem Bonger, Ralf Dahrendorf, and George Vold.
93. What are the important themes and concepts to which critical criminologists devote their attention today?
94. Explain the concept of marginalization and explain how it leads to crime.
95. Explain and discuss the differences between structural and instrumental Marxism.
96. What are some research findings that support the ideas of critical criminology?
97. Define patriarchy, and discuss the differences between a paternalistic family and an egalitarian family.
98. Explain the differences between reintegrative and stigmatizing shaming.
99. Explain the concept of peacemaking criminology and how it differs from other forms of conflict criminology.
100. Explain sentencing circles and how they differ from other, more traditional types of punishment (e.g.,
incarceration).